U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

_ _ BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY— Bulletin No. 74. 

S F 

■ D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. V 

^9 

ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY 
AND MAIZE MEAL 



INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER, 



IN COOPERATION WITH 



THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 



HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBT, Ph. D., LL. D., and J. AUGUST FRIES, B. S. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1905. 



1.^ 




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y. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL I NDUSTRY— Bulletin No. 74. 

D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY 
AND MAIZE MEAL. 



INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER, 



IN COOPERATION WITH 



THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 



HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., LL. D., and J. AUGUST FRIES, B. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING. CFFICE. 

1905. 






OCT 20 1906 
0. ofD, 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Animal Industry, 
Washington, D. C, June 17, 1906. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of an 
article dealing with "Energy values of red clover hay and maize 
meal." This work comprises the results of further careful and dif- 
ficult experiments carried on, in cooperation with this Bureau, by Dr. 
H. P. Armsby and J. August Fries at the Pennsylvania Agricultural 
Experiment Station. I recommend that this manuscript be published 
as Bulletin No. 74 of the series of this Bureau. 
Respectfully, 

D. E. Salmon, 

Ch ief of Bureau. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 



State College, Pa. , Ajyril i, 1906. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the second 
series of cooperative experiments with the respiration calorimeter at 
the Pennsylvania Experiment Station. The first series, repo^rted in 
Bulletin No. 51 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, included deter- 
minations of the energy values of timothy hay. In the present series 
the same general methods have been applied to clover hay, and also 
to maize meal as a representative of the concentrated feeding stuffs. 
While results upon a single animal must be accepted with some 
reserve, nevertheless the data obtained indicate certain characteristic 
differences in the energy values of different classes of feeding stuffs, 
and appear to show clearly that the more or less current method of 
comparing feeding stuffs on the basis of their so-called "fuel values" 
in the bod}^ is fundamentally erroneous. 

As in the previous experiments, the details of the calorimetric 
work have been in charge of Mr. Fries, assisted by Messrs. T. M. 
Carpenter, J. B. Robb, Firman Thompson, and H. L. Wilson. The 
chemical division of the station, under the general direction of Dr. 
William Frear, has conducted the necessary chemical work, Mr. M. S. 
McDowell having had immediate charge of the reception and care of 
samples. The determinations of carbon and hydrogen were executed 
by Mr. Thompson and the determinations of heats of combustion by 
Mr. Carpenter. The weighing and sampling of feeds and excreta 
and the records of the digestion work were cared for by Mr. A. K. 
Risser. 



Very respectfully. 



D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., 

Chief of Bureau - of Animal Industry. 
4 



Henry Prentiss Armsby, 

Expert in Animal Nutrition. 



CONTENTS, 



Page. 

Introductory 7 

Description of the experiments 8 

Analytical methods 8 

The feeds 8 

Hay 8 

Maize meal 9 

Periods and rations - 9 

Live weights 10 

Determinations of digestibility 10 

Weighing and sampling of feed 10 

Hay 10 

Maize meal 11 

Treatment of samples 11 

Hours of feeding 11 

Collection and sampling of excreta 11 

Digestibility of rations 12 

Period I 12 

Period II 12 

Period III 13 

Period IV 14 

The urinary excretion 15 

Growth of epidermal tissue 15 

Determinations of respiratory products 16 

Check tests 17 

External air.... 17 

Alcohol check tests : 17 

Results upon the animal 17 

Hydrocarbon gases 18 

Determinations of heat 20 

Rate of heat emission 21 

Heat emission and heat production 25 

The balance of matter 28 

The nitrogen and carbon balance 28 

Gain or loss of protein and fat 29 

The balance of energy 30 

Discussion of results ^ 32 

Digestibility 32 

Hay ...- 32 

Maize meal 32 

Metabolizable energy 33 

Hay 34 

Maize meal 35 

Comparison of results 37 

Net available energy 38 

Available energy of hay 39 

Available energy of maize meal 40 

Replacement values 41 

Percentage utilization of energy 42 

Distribution of energy 44 

Appendix 48 

5 



LLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 

Diagram I. Live weights 10 

II. Rate of heat emission 22 

III. Availabihty and utiUzation of energy 43 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND 
MAIZE MEAL. 

By Henry Prentiss Armsby, Ph. D., LL. D., and J. August Fries, B, S. 
INTRODUCTORY. 

The experiments here reported are a continuation of the investiga- 
tions described in Bulletin No. 51 of this Bureau, "The available 
energy of timothy hay." In the experiments there described the 
metabolism of matter and energj^by a steer fed four different amounts 
of timothy hay together with a small quantity of linseed meal was 
determined, and the metabolizable, available, and utilizable energy of 
the hay computed from a comparison of these results. The present 
experiments, carried out with the same steer in the winter of 1902-3, 
aimed to determine by similar methods the corresponding energy 
values for red clover ha}^ and for maize meal. 

The general plan of the experiment was as follows: In the first 
period the animal was given an amount of clover hay estimated to be 
somewhat less than sufficient for maintenance. In the second period 
the amount of hay was considerably reduced. A comparison between 
the first and second periods affords the means of determining the net 
availability of the energy of the ha3^ In the third period there was 
added to the minimum hay ration of the second period an amount of 
maize meal estimated to be sufficient to make the total ration some- 
what less than a maintenance ration. A comparison between Periods 
II and III affords data for computing the availability of the energy of 
the maize meal. In the fourth period the maize meal was increased 
sufficiently to produce a moderate gain, thus affording the means of 
determining the percentage utilization of the energy of maize meal in 
the production of gain. It was the intention to add a fifth period, in 
which the maize meal was to be still further increased, but circum- 
stances prevented. The rations for the several periods were as follows: 

Periods and rations. 



Period. 


Clover 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 




Grams. 
5,200 
3,700 
3,700 
3,700 


Orams. 





850 

4,000 


11 


HI 


IV 





BUREAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



The animal used was the same grade Shorthorn steer which served 
in the experiments of 1901-2. At the time of these experiments he 
was approximately four years old. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS. 
ANALYTICAL METHODS. 

The methods employed for the analysis of the feed and excreta were 
substantially those recommended by the Association of Official Agri- 
cultural Chemists. The nitrogen of the feces was determined in the 
fresh material by Konig's method and the nitrogen of the urine by 
direct oxidation by the Kjeldahl method. In the computation of 
proteids from proteid nitrogen, the factor 6.0 was used for the maize 
meal and the conventional factor 6.25 for the clover hay. The non- 
proteids were computed from the nonproteid nitrogen by multiplica- 
tion by 4.7, the factor for asparagin. Carbon and hydrogen were 
determined by combustion with cupric oxide in a current of air, fol- 
lowed by oxygen. The heats of combustion of the food and excreta 
were determined by means of the Atwater-Hempel bomb calorimeter. 

THE FEEDS. 

Hay. — The hay used was second-growth red clover hay grown on 
the station farm in the summer of 1902. It was cut on August 16 and 
hauled to the barn August 20 to 22. It was secured without rain and 
retained most of the leaves on the stems. On December 4 about a ton 
of this ha}^ was run through a Ross feed cutter and cut to lengths of 
about 7 to 10 centimeters. From the mass of cut hay two separate 
samples were taken by the same method as in the previous experi- 
ment." During the progress of the experiments a sample of hay was 
also taken at time of weighing out for each period, as described in 
subsequent pages, or four samples in all. The following table shows 
the composition of the ^vy matter of the several samples, the generally 
close agreement of the results indicating that the method was suflS- 

ciently accurate: 

Composition of clover hay {dry matter). 





General samples. 


Samples taken during experiments. 


Constituents and energy. 


A. 


B. 


Average. 


Period I. 


Period 
II. 


Period 
III. 


Period 
IV. 


Ash percent.. 


6.26 


6.53 


6.40 


6.40 


6.46 


6.64 


6.64 


Proteids (N.x 6.25) do.... 


12.83 


12.96 


12.90 


11.77 


12.06 


13.11 


12.82 


Nonproteids do 


1.52 


1.69 


1.61 


1.81 


1.60 


1.87 


1.14 


Crude fiber do. . . . 


31.48 


31.74 


31.61 


33.87 


33.67 


31.48 


32.63 


Nitrogen-free extract . . .do 


45.25 


44.40 


44.81 


43.25 


43.51 


44.05 


43.90 


Ether extract do.... 


2.66 


2.ftS 


2.67 


2.90 


2.70 


2.85 


2.87 




100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100.00 


100. 00 


100.00 



1 Compare Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin No. 51, p. 10. 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 
Composition of clover hay {dry matter) — Continued. 





General samples. 


Samples taken during experiments. 


Constituents luul encrsy. 


A. 


B. 


Average. 


Period I. 


Period 
II. 


Period 
III. 


Period 
IV. 


Total nitrogen per cent. . 

Albuminoid nitrogen . . .do. . . . 

Carbon do — 

Hydrogen do 

Energy .... Calori c:s per gram . . 


2. 376 
2. 053 
45. CO 
6.45 
4,469.0 


2.439 
2.079 
45.31 
6.19 
4, 445. 8 


2.408 
2.066 
45.44 
6.34 
4, 457. 4 ■ 


2. 265 
1. 882 
45.25 
6.'ll 
4,449.4 


2.271 

45.93 

6.27 

4,426.5 


2.494 
2. 098 
45.40 
5.90 
4, 421. 


2.292 
2.050 
45. 60 
6.01 
4,449.4 



Maize meal. — The maize meal used was purchased from a firm of 
feed dealers in Belief on te, Pa., and was stated to be from old yellow 
corn. It was of excellent qualit}^ Two separate samples were taken 
of this meal on very nearly the same plan as in the case of the hay. 
The meal was then stored in a galvanized-iron tank with a wooden 
cover. At the time of weighing out for the third and fourth periods, 
samples were also taken for analysis. The following table shows the 
composition of the dry matter of these several samples: 

Composition of maize meal {dry matter). 



Constituents and energy. 



General Samples. 



taljen dur- 
ng experiments. 



Period Period 
III. IV. 



Ash per cent 

Proteids (N.x6.00) do.. 

Nonproteids (N. x4.7) do. . 

Crude fiber do. . 

Nitrogen-free extract do. . 

Ether extract do. . 

Total nitrogen do. . 

Proteid nitrogen do. . 

Carbon do. . 

Hydrogen do . . 

Energy Calories per gram 



1.41 

10.35 

.17 

2.72 
81.16 
4.19 



1.33 
9.53 

.78 
2.48 
81.61 
4.27 



1.37 
9.94 
.48 
2.60 
81.38 
4.23 



1.48 
9.46 
.68 
2.38 
81.90 
4.10 



1.45 

10.20 

.29 

2.19 
81. 65 

4. 22 



100. 00 



100.00 I 100.00 



100. 00 



100. 00 



1.762 
1.726 

44.88 

4,458.9 



1.753 
1.588 
45.17 
6.70 
4,403.2 



1.758 
1.657 
45.03 
6.65 
, 431. 1 



1. 721 
1.575 
45.59 



1.761 
1.700 
45.75 
6.91 
365.9 



PERIODS AND RATIONS. 

On November 12, 1902, the steer was put on a ration of 12 pounds 
of uncut clover hay of the same kind as that prepared for the experi- 
ment. The weekly weighings of the animal indicated that this amount 
of hay was approximately a maintenance ration. On January 23, 1903, 
the animal was removed from the barn to the calorimeter building and 
put upon the ration of the first period. The hay was somewhat dusty 
as a result of the considerable handling which it had received, and it 
was sprinkled with a small amount of water to facilitate its consump- 
tion, 520 grams of water being used daily. The hay was fed in 
approximately equal feeds night and morning. 
1231— No. 74—05 2 



10 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Each period covered twenty-one days, of which the first eleven were 
regarded as a preliminary period, and the last ten as constituting the 
digestion period proper. The table shows the exact dates of the sev- 
eral periods, the rations being also repeated as a matter of convenience: 



Dates and rations. 





Date. 


Ration. 


Period. 


Preliminary period. 


Digestion period. 


Clover. 


Maize 
meal. 


I 


1903. 

Jan. 24-Feb. 3 

Feb. 14-24 


1903. 
Feb 4-13 


Orams. 
5,200 
3,700 
3,700 
3,700 


Orams. 


II 


Feb. 25-Mar.6 






Mar. 7 17 




IV 


Mar.28-Apr. 7 


Apr. 8-17 


4 000 







The animal was watered daily at about 1 p.m., except the days when 
he was in the calorimeter and the day before and after, when water 
was given immediately after the morning feeding. 




Diagram I.— Live weights. 



LIVE WEIGHTS. 



The animal was weighed daily at 1 p. m., immediately before water- 
ing and also immediately after, the difference being taken as repre- 
senting the amount of Avater consumed. On the days when the animal 
was in the calorimeter the weight was taken immediately before enter- 
ing and immediately aftej leaving the apparatus. The figures for live 
weight and amount of water consumed are given in Table I of the 
Appendix in connection with the weights of the excreta, and the live 
weights are shown graphically on Diagram I above: 

DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. 

WEIGHING AND SAMPLING OP THE FEED. 

Hay. — The hay for each period was weighed out in advance in cloth 
bags, a day's ration in a bag. In filling the bags the mass of hay was 
worked into from the side, taking all the material down to the floor. 
While the bags were being filled two or three large handf uls of the hay 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 11 

were taken from each bag- and set aside in a covered vessel. Imme- 
diately after the weighing this sample was rapidly chopped in a meat 
chopper, thoroughly mixed, and a sample of 1,000 to 1,500 grams 
taken immediately to the laborator}'^ in a covered vessel for determi- 
nation of dr}^ matter and of the composition of the latter, with the 
results shown in the table on pages 8 and 9. 

Maize meal. — The maize meal required was also weighed out in 
advance for each period in tightl}^ covered tin pails, which were kept 
in a cool place until used. At the time of weighing, a sample of 300 
to 100 grams was drawn and taken immediately to the laboratory for 
determination of dry matter and its several ingredients, with the 
results shown on page 9. 

TREATMENT OF SAMPLES. 

The samples when received at the laboratory were immediately 
weighed, air dried at a temperature of about 60° C. , allowed to hang 
at ordinary temperature in heavy paper bags for several days, and then 
ground in a mill as rapidly as practicable, and preserved in sealed bot- 
tles. The analyses were made as promptly as practicable, although not 
in all cases immediately. 

HOURS OF FEEDING. 

As a matter of convenience in arranging for the work with the respi- 
ration calorimeter, the hour of 6 p. m. was taken as the beginning of 
the day. Approximately one-half of the hay and maize meal was given 
at this time and the remainder twelve hours later. 

COLLECTION AND SAMPLING OP THE EXCRETA. 

The animal was provided with the rubber duct described and illus- 
trated in a previous publication,'* for the collection of the feces, and 
with the ordinary urine funnel. During the experiments these were 
worn constantly, both during the preliminary da3^s and during the 
digestion period proper. The apparatus served its purpose excel- 
lently, loss of excreta occurring in few instances. 

During the digestion period the excreta were weighed promptly at 
the end of each twenty-four hours, a sample drawn, after thorough 
mixing, and taken at once to the laboratory for treatment. There a 
uniform percentage of the total excretion was set aside for a composite 
sample, chloroform being employed as a preservative. At the close of 
the period these composite samples were thoroughly mixed. In the 
feces the total nitrogen in the fresh substance was determined by the 
Konig method, while a portion of the composite sample was also air 
dried at 60° C. and the air-dry sample subjected to the usual method 
of analysis, including the determination of its heat of combustion and 
of carbon and hydrogen. In the mixed sample of urine the total 
nitrogen, total carbon, hydrogen in organic combination, and heat of 
combustion were determined. 

«Penn. Experiment Station Bulletin No. 42, p. 74. 



12 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



DIGESTIBILITY OF THE RATIONS. 

Period I {January 24 to February 13, 1903). 

The live weights of the animal and the weights of excreta are shown 
in Table I of the Appendix. The following table shows the percent- 
ages of dry matter contained in the samples of hay fed and refused, 
and of excreta collected and spilled and the corresponding weights of 
fresh substance and dry matter: 

Feed and excreta. 



Feed and excreta. 



Fresh 
weight. 



Hay: 

Total in 10 days 

Uneaten , 

Eaten 

Eaten per day 

Feces: 

Collected in 10 days 

Spilled in calorimeter , 

Spilled in stall, February 13 

Total excretion 

Daily excretion 



Grams. 

52,000.0 

17.7 



r cent. 
85.77 
59.89 



51, 982. 3 
5,198.2 



91, 677. 
19.6 
1.6 



19.86 
76.29 
81.24 



91, e 



Grams. 
44,600.4 
10.6 



44, f 



18,207.1 
14.9 
1.3 



18, 223. 3 
1,822.3 



The composition of the dry matter of the feeding stuffs has already 
been stated on pages 8 and 9, and that of the dry matter of the feces is 
shown in Table II of the Appendix. 

Basing the computation upon the above average weights, the digesti- 
bility of the hay, as shown in Table III of the Appendix, was as follows: 
Digestibility of ration. 



Constituents and energy. 


Total 
digested. 


''«:- 


Dry matter . 




grams 


2, 636. 7 

132.1 

2,504.6 

254.8 

80.7 

736.6 

1, 348. 

84.4 

57.8 

1,138.1 

11, 188. 3 


Per cent. 
59.13 


Ash 




do.... 


46.29 






do.... 


60.00 


Proteids 




do 


48 58 






do.... 


(100.00) 

48 77 


Crude fiber 




do. 


Nitrogen-free extract 




do 


69 90 






do.... 


65.36 


Nitrogen 




fin 


57 23 


Carbon do 


56 41 




56.39 







a Assumed to be entirely digestible. 
Period 11 {February U to March 6, 1903). 



The following tables, corresponding to those for Period I, sum- 
marize the weights of food and excreta and the percentage digesti- 
bility of the hay, which are contained in detail in Tables tl and III of 
the Appendix. 



ENEKGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 
Feed and excreta. 



13 



Feed and excreta. 



Fresh 
weight. 



Dry matter. 



Hay: 

Total in 10 days ..;... 
Eaten per day 

Feces: 

Collected in 10 days.. 
Spilled in calorimeter 

Total excretion 

Daily excretion 



Orams. 
37,000.0 
3, 700. 



Per cent. 
84.97 



56, 602. 
19.4 



56, 621. 4 
5, 662. 1 



Grams. 
31, 438. 
3, 143. 



12, 656. 2 
13.6 



Digestibility of ration. 




Digesti- 
lity. 



Dige 
bill 



Dry matter grams. 

Ash do . 

Organic matter do. . . 

Proteids do. 

Nonproteidsa do. 

Crude fiber do . 

Nitrogen-free extract do. 

Ether extract do. 

Nitrogen .■ do. 

Carbon do. 

Energy Calories. 



Per cent. 
59.70 
46.48 
60.61 
53.19 
(100. 00) 
50.27 
68.94 
65.02 
60.23 
57. 27 
58. 05 



to be entirely digestible. 



Period III {March 7 to 27, 1903). 
In this period the final results were as follows: 

Feed, and excreta. 



Feed and excreta. 



Fresh 
weight. 



Dry matter. 



Hay: 

Total in 10 days 

Eaten per day 

Maize meal: 

Total in 10 days 

Eaten per day 

Feces: 

Total collected 

Spilled in calorimeter 

Spilled in stall February 20 
Spilled in stall February 22 
Spilled in stall February 24 
Spilled in stall February 26 

Total excretion 

Daily excretion 



Orams. 
37, 000. 
3, 700. 



8, 500. 
850.0 



68,006.0 
29.0 
45.9 
78.2 
8.4 
10.6 



68,178.1 
6,817.8 



20.04 
49.90 
23.14 
20.70 
25.71 



Grams. 
31,627.6 
3,162.8 



7,347.4 
734.7 



13, 628. 4 
14.5 
10.6 
16.2 
2.2 
3.6 



13,675.5 
1, 367. 6 



14 



BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. 



Digestibility of ration. 



Constituents and energy. 



Total 
digested. 



Digesti- 
bility. 



Dry matter grams. 

Ash do... 

Organic matter do. . . 

Proteids do. . . 

Nonproteidsa do... 

Crude fiber do. . . 

Nitrogen-free extract do. . . 

Ether extract ; do. . . 

Nitrogen do. . . 

Carbon do. . . 

Energy Calories. 

a Assumed to be entirely digestible. 

Period IV {March 28 to April 7, 1903). 

Tabulated as before, the results for this period are: 

Feed and excreta. 



2, 529. 9 

94.8 

2,435.1 

276.2 

64.1 

453.8 

1, 551. 

89.8 

58.2 

1, 109. 4 

10, 854. 4 



Per cent. 
64.91 
42. 91 
66.26 
57.05 
(100.00) 
44.79 
77. 75 
74.71 



Feed and excreta. 



Fresh 
weight. 



Dry matter. 



Hay: 

Total in 10 days . 
Eaten per day . . . 

Maize meal: 

Total in 10 days . 
Eaten per day . . . 

Feces: 

Total collected . . 
Stall correction.. 

Total excretion 
Daily excretion.. 



Grams. 
37,000.0 
3, 700. 



Per cent. 
86.12 



40,000.0 
4, 000. 



86,763.0 



18.09 
20.37 



87,146.6 
8,714.7 



Grams. 
31, 864. 
3,186.4 



34, 508. 
3,450.8 



695. 4 
78.1 



15, 773. 5 
1,577.4 



Digestibility of ration. 



Constituents and energy. 


Total 
digested. 


Digesti- 
bility. 








5, 059. 8 

107.5 

4, 952. 3 

441.2 

46.3 

547.1 

3,718.7 

198.8 

81.9 

2,271.1 

21, 912. 6 


Per cent. 


Ash 




do 


41 09 






do. .. 




Proteids 




do 


58 01 






do.... 


(100.00) 






do 


Nitrogen-free extract 




do 


88 20 






do.... 


83.89 


Nitrogen 




do 


61.58 






do.... 


74.92 








74.93 











a Assumed to be entirely digestible. 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 



15 



THE URINARY EXCRETION. 

Tabic IV of the Appendix, based upon the weights recorded in 
Table I, shows the total amounts of nitrogen, carbon, and potential 
energy in the urine. In those cases in which some was spilled, the 
material was taken up as completely as possible with the aid of dis- 
tilled water and the weight and nitrogen content of the washings 
determined. It has been assumed that their content of carbon and of 
energy was proportional to the nitrogen. The following table gives 
a summary of the average daily excretion : 

Average daily excretion in urine. 



Period. 


Nitrogen. 


Carbon. 


Energy. 


Energy 
per gram 
of car- 
bon. 




Grams. 
74.97 
58.50 

• 59. 01 
70.23 


Grams. 
150.46 
103. 43 
125.31 
141. 87 


Calories. 

1,249.8 
933.5 
920.9 

1, 194. 3 


Calories. 
8.31 


II . . 


9 05 




7.35 


IV 









It will be observed from the above table that the energy per gram 
of carbon was considerably less than that found by Kellner in similar 
experiments and likewise lower than the results found by ourselves in 
the previous year's experiments. We believe this discrepancy is due 
to the fact that the urine samples were dried at too high a tempera- 
ture. The loss of nitrogen in drying was determined and a correction 
made for it on the assumption that this loss represented urea decom- 
posed during the drying. Determinations of the loss of carbon, 
however, gave much higher figures than corresponded to the loss of 
nitrogen on the above assumption, making it evident that some mate- 
rial other than urea was being decomposed. Under these circum- 
stances it has been thought best to discard the above results for energy 
and to compute the energy contained in the urine on the basis of Kell- 
ner's average figures. 



GROWTH OF EPIDERMAL TISSUE. 

The steer was thoroughly brushed immediately before entering the 
calorimeter and after leaving it, and the hair, dandruff, etc., in the 
latter case collected. To this was added the small amount brushed 
up from the floor of the calorimeter. In these samples determinations 
of nitrogen, carbon, and energy were made with the following results: 



16 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Weights and composition of brushings. 



Constituents and energy. 



Period I. 



Weight 

Dry matter per cent. 

Weight of dry matter grams. 

In dry matter: 
Nitrogen- 
Percentage 

Weight grams 

Carbon- 
Percentage , 

Weight grams 

Energy- 
Par gram Calories 

Total do.. 



23.0 
94.45 
21.72 



6.59 
1.43 



42.73 
9.28 



24.3 
93.29 
22.67 



7.41 
1.68 



39.97 
9.06 



4.442 
100. 67 



47.5 
90.15 

42.82 



43.88 
18.79 



4.815 
206.2 



57.4 
90.01 
51.67 



42.78 
22.10 



4.660 
240.8 



On the average of the four periods the amounts of nitrogen, carbon, 
and energy contained in the brushings were as follows: 

Average composition of brushings. 



Constituents and energy. 


Total. 


Per day. 


Nitrogen 




grams.. 


3.73 
14.81 
161.5 


1.87 


Carbon 




do 


7 40 






Calories.. 


80.8 







In the computations on the following pages it has been assumed that 
these figures represent the normal rate of production of hair, epider- 
mis, etc., by the animal during the experiment. They do not, of 
course, include the matter and energy contained in the growth of 
hoofs and horns. 

DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. 

Upon the first two days of the digestion period proper in each period 
the respiratory products were determined during forty-eight hours 
continuously, the time being divided into four subperiods of twelve 
hours each. The apparatus used was the respiration calorimeter 
briefly described in Bulletin No. 51, Bureau of Animal Industry, and 
more fully in a subsequent publication.'^ 

It is impracticable to reproduce here all the details of these determi- 
nations. For the general methods employed the reader is referred to 
the previous bulletin. 



« Experiment Station Record, Vol. XV, p. 1037. 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE. MEAL 



17 



ClIKCK TESTS. 

External air. — As noted in Bulletin No. 51, check tests are depended 
upon as a means of coiuputino- the amount of combustible gases con- 
tained in the air as it enters the respiration chamber. The check tests 
were made at intervals' during- the experiments here described with the 
following results: 

Combustible gases in air. 



Date. 


Volume 
of air. 


Water 
weighed. 


Carbon 
dioxide 
weighed. 


Per 100 liters air at 
0° C. and 760 mm. 




Hydrogen. 


Carbon. 


January 27 1903 


Liters. 
1,200 
1,250 
1,200 
1,100 
1,250 


Gram. 

0. 01752 
.02991 
. 02259 
.02269 
.02479 


Oram. 
0. 00683 
.00331 
. 00863 
.00644 
.00803 


Millijram. 
0.178 
.301 
.229 
.256 
.247 


Milligram. 
170 




.082 


March 3 1903 


.215 


March 23 1903 


178 




.196 






. 








.242 


168 













As in the previous year the results are somewhat variable, but in 
no case are the corrections large as compared with the total amounts 
determined in the experiments upon the animal. 

Alcohol check tests. — The accuracy of the apparatus was tested as in 
the previous year by burning in it known amounts of ethyl alcohol 
and determining the amounts of carbon dioxide, water, and heat 
evolved. The results of these alcohol check tests as regards carbon 
dioxide and heat are given below. The results upon water have not 
yet proven satisfactory. 

Results of alcohol check tests. 



Jan. 20, 1903. 
Mar. 26, 1903 
Apr. 28, 1903. 



No. of 
hours. 



Weight of alcohol. 



Hydra- 
ted. 



Grams. 
527.67 
526.53 
503. 16 



Anhy- 
drous. 



Grams. 
475. 62 
474. 60 
453. 53 



Carbon dioxide. 



Com- 
puted. 



Grams. 
908.91 



Ob- 
served. 



Grams. 
891.58 
891.24 
855. 73 



Percent- 
age ob- 
served. 



Com- Ob- 

puted. served. 



Calories. Calories. 

3,417.09 3,427.16 

3,409.76 3,407.01 

3,258.38 3,190.31 



Percent- 
age ob- 
served. 



ICO. 3 
97.9 



KESULTS UPON THE ANIMAL. 



Tables V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X of the Appendix contain the 
results of the respiratory determinations for the several periods and 
subperiods. These are summarized in the table following. 
1231-No. 74-05 3 



18 



BUREAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Carbon and hydrogen excretion. 



In CO2 and H2O. 



gen. 



In hydrocarbons. 



Carbon. 



Period I: 

Subperiod 1 . . 

Subperiod 2 . . 
First day — 

Subperiod 3 . . 

Subperiod 4 . . 
Second day 
Average — 
Period II: 

Subperiod 1 . . 

Subperiod 2 . . 
First day... 

Subperiod 3 . . 

Subperiod 4 . . 

Second day 

Average 

Period III: 

Subperiod 1 . . 
Subperiod 2 . . 

First day 

Subperiod 3 . . 
Subperiod 4 . . 

Second day 

Average 

Period IV: 

Subperiod 1 . . 
Subperiod 2 . . 

First day 

Subperiod 3 . . 
Subperiod 4 . . 

Second day 
Average 



Grams. 
590.8 
592.6 



499.7 
508.4 



506.4 
493.3 



577.7 
546.7 



Grams. 
262.9 
262.9 



Grams. 
39.38 
39.25 



525.8 



244.0 
253.5 



251.3 
255.4 



248.9 
282.4 



267.6 
271.9 



415.5 

447.5 



78. 



29.29 
29.50 



40.06 
38.66 



64. 32 
71.36 



442.6 
461.3 



67.43 
70.70 



Hydrocarbon gases. — In the experiment with timothy hay in 1901-02 
it was shown that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the combustible 
gases given off by the animal was ahnost identical with that for 
methane. The corresponding results for the present experiment were 
as follows: 

Ratio of hydrogen to carbon in combustible gases. 
Period I : 

Subperiod 1 1:3.145 

Subperiod 2 1:3.176 

First day ......,,....,,.,,....,..,_ 1:3.160 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL, 



19 



Period I — Continued. 

Siibperiod 3 

Siibperiod 4 



1:8.132 
1:3.170 



Second day , 1 : 3. 155 

Average, Period I 1 : 3. 156 

Period II: 

Subperiod 1 1 :3.273 

Subperiod 2 1:3.214 . 

First day 1:3.244 



Subperiod 3 1 : 3.371 

Subperiod 4 1 : 3.341 



Second day. 



1:3.356 



Average, Period II 1 : 3. 299 

Period III: 

Subperiod 1 1:3.075 

Subperiod 2 , 1:3.133 

First day 1:3.103 



Subperiod 3 
Subperiod 4 . 



1:3.150 
1:3.163 



Second day 1 : 3. 155 



Average, Period III 1 : 3.129 

Period IV: 

Subperiod 1 1 : 3.074 

Subperiod 2 1:3.081 



First day 1 : 3.078 



Subperiod 3 
Subperiod 4 



1:3.093 
1:3.074 



Second day 1 : 3. 083 

Average, Period IV 1:3.078 

Computed for CH, 1:2.976 

According to the above figures, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon is 
somewhat less than that required for methane. The computed per- 
centage composition of the combustible gases compared with that com- 
puted for CH^ was as follows: 

Percentage composition of combustible gases. 



Gas. 


Observed; 
average. 


Observed; 
excluding 
Period 11. 


Computed 
for CH4. 


Carbon 


76.00 
24.00 


75.74 
24. 26 


74 86 


Hydrogen 


25 15 








100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



20 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



The agreement with the composition of methane is less satisfactory 
than in the previous series of experiments, yet it seems difficult to 
account for a deficiency of hydrogen. 

If we assume that the combustible gases consist of methane and 
compute its amount from the amounts of carbon found, we have the 
following as the excretion of methane in the several periods: 



Period I: Grams. 

Subperiod 1 52.62 

Subperiod2 52-44 

Subperiod 3 51.89 

Subperiod 4 49. 30 



Average per day 103.13 



Period II: 

Subperiod 1 37. 86 

Subperiod 2 36.87 

Subperiod 3 39.13 

Subperiod4 39.41 

Average per day 76.39 



Period III: Grams. 

Subperiod 1 51.40 

Subperiod 2 50. 89 

Subperiod 3 53. 52 

Subperiod 4 51.65 



Average per day 103. 73 



Period IV: 

Subperiod 1 85. 93 

Subperiod 2 95.34 

Subperiod 3 90. 08 

Subperiod 4 94. 46 



Average per day 182.91 



DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT. 

It is impracticable to reproduce here the very voluminous records 
required for the determination of the heat produced, and it must suffice 
to indicate the general method and to summarize the main results. 

As explained in Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin No. 51, the 
heat given off by the animal as sensible heat is removed from the 
apparatus by a water current, the amount thus removed being haeas- 
ured by the product of the amount of water passing through the 
absorbers and the rise in temperature during its passage through the 
apparatus. As noted, the temperature of the water was taken every 
four minutes, while the efflux of each 100 liters was noted on the 
records. In any portion of the experiment during which the rate of 
flow of water is uniform we may, without sensible error, compute the 
averages of the ingoing and of the outcoming temperatures and multi- 
ply the total weight of water by the difference between the two. 
Certain corrections are. necessary, however. 

First. The pipe composing our absorber being of small diameter, 
there is a not inconsiderable pressure upon the bulbs of the thermom- 
eters, and this pressure varies with the rate at which the water flows. 
Since the pressure is greater upon the ingoing than upon the outcom- 
ing thermometer, the effect is to render the observed difference in 
temperature too small. A correction for this effect was worked out 
experimentally for the range of pressure used, and is applied in the 
table. 

Second. The friction of the water in the absorbers is itself a source 
of a small amount of heat, which has been computed from the differ- 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MATZE MEAL. 



21 



ence in pressure at entrance and exit and the wcig-lit of the water 
passing- through the absorbers. 

Third. As Atwater and Rosa have shown, it is essential to take 
account of the variation in the specitic heat of water at different tem- 
peratures. We have followed their practice, and assuming the specitic 
heat of water at 20'-' C. as unity, have expressed all our results in 
Calories at 20", using for this purpose the table of the specitic heat of 
water given b}^ those observers.'* 

Fourth. Corrections have to be made for the heat introduced into 
the apparatus or withdrawn from it in case the feed, drink, excreta, 
and vessels containing- them were introduced or removed at a tempera- 
ture different from that of the calorimeter. The net amount of these 
corrections, as appears from the table, is ordinarily small, but the 
single factors are sometimes not inconsiderable. This is especially the 
case with the feces, where considerable difficulty was experienced in 
determining the true average temperature of the mass. 

The results of these several computations are contained in Table XI 
of the Appendix. To the heat thus measured is to be added the 
latent heat of water vapor produced in and carried out of the chamber. 
This is computed from the results for water, assuming the latent heat 
of vaporization to be 0.592 Calorie per gram. 

The following table contains a summary of the amounts of heat 
measured in the calorimeter in the several periods and subperiods: 

Heat measured in calorimeter. 



Subperiod. 



Heat measured. 



Period : 



Period II. Period III. Period IV. 



First day: 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Total 

Second day: 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Total 

Average per day 



Calories. 
5,805.27 
5,878.48 



11, 



3.75 



6, 010. 82 
6,616.18 



11,627.00 



11, 655. 



Calories. 
5, 444. 53 
4,813.02 



Calories. 
5,318.83 
4,971.53 



10,257.55 



10, 290. 36 



4, 971. 32 
4,944.16 



5, 716. 51 
5,053.88 



9,915.48 



Calories. 
7,306.18 
7,424.14 



14,730.32 



7,085.07 
7,418.97 



KATE OF HEAT EMISSION. 



As in the previous experiment, the rate at which heat was given 
off by the animal varied remarkably according as the animal was 
standing or lying. The readings of the thermometers, .which were 
taken every four minutes, furnish an approximate!}^ continuous meas- 
urement of the rate at which heat was given off by the animal by 



«XJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations Bull. No. 63, p. 56, 



n 



BUEEAU OF AKIMAL INDUSTEY. 



radiation and conduction. The individual readings are probabl}- sub- 
ject to some accidental fluctuations. To eliminate these, each three 
successive readings have been averaged and multiplied by the amount 
of water passing through the absorbers during the same twelve min- 
utes. The results, expressed in Calories per minute, are represented 
graphically on Diagram II, in which the arrows indicate the times at 
which the animal stood up or lay down, the possible effects of slight 
variations in the temperature of the calorimeter itself being disre- 
garded. ' 

The following table shows the total heat emitted during the periods 
of standing and lying, respectively. The figures of this table relate 
only to the amount of heat given off by radiation and conduction and 
removed from the calorimeter in the water current and do not include 
the heat carried off as latent heat of water vapor. 

Heat emission. 



Period and subperiod. 



Heat per 
minute. 



Period I: 

Subperiod 1 — 
6.00 p. m. 
7.46 p. m. 
10.30 p. m. 

1.02 a. m. 

2.03 a. m. 
4.20 a. m. 

Subperiod 2— 
6.00 a. m. 
6.30 a. m. 
9.08 a. m. 
11.22 a. m. 
3.48 p. m. 
5.34 p. m. 
Subperiod 3— 
6.00 p. m. 
8.10 p. m. 
10.06 p. m. 
4.28 a. m. 
Subperiod 4— 
6.00 a. m. 
6.38 a. m. 
10.18 a. m. 
12.50 p. m. 
3.10 p. m. 
5.10 p. m. 
Period II: 

Subperiod 1— 
6.00 p. m. 
10.10 p. m. 
12.20 a. m. 
Subperiod 2— 
6.00 a. m. 
10.42 a. m. 
1.20 p. m. 



to 7.46 p. m 
to 10.30 p. m 
to 1.02 a. m 
to 2.03 a. m 
to 4.20 a. m 
to 6.00 a. m 

to 6.30 a. m 
to 9.08 a. m 
to 11.22 a. m 
to 3.48 p. m 
to 5.34 p. m 
to 6.00 p. m 

to 8.10 p. m 
to 10.06 p. m 
to 4.28 a. m 
to 6.00 a. m 

to 6.38 a. m 
to 10.18 a. m 
to 12.50 p. m 
to 3.10 p. m 
to 5.10 p. m 
to 6.00 p. m 

to 10.10 p. m 
to 12.20 a. m 
to 6.00 a. tn 

to 10.42 a. m 
to 1.20 p. m 
to 6.00 p. m 



Minutes. 
106 
164 
152 
61 
137 
100 



standing 
Lying ... 
Standing 
Lying ... 
standing 
Lying ... 

do... 

Standing 
Lying ... 
Standing 
Lying ... 
standing 

do... 

Lying ... 
Standing 
Lying ... 

do... 

Standing 
Lying ... 
Standing 
Lying . . . 
Standing 

do... 

Lying ... 
Standing 

.....do... 
Lying . . . 
Standing 



Calories. 
736. 05 
857.20 
1,122.61 
275. 43 
976. 18 
442. 62 



1, 158. 72 

606. 08 
1,864.81 

460. 09 
206. 97 



2, 735. 70 
403. 63 



533.37 



1,461.47 

512. 35 

2, 305. 81 

1,390.84 

595. 17 

1,462.70 



Calories. 
6.9439 
5. 2268 
7.3856 
4.5152 
7. 1254 
4. 4262 

4. 6103 
7. 3337 
4.5230 
7.1006 
4.3405 
7. 9604 

7. 5462 
5. 0722 
7. 1615 
4.3873 

4. 5205 
6.7403 
4. 2813 
7. 1363 
4. 4448 
7. 7636 



5.8459 
3. 9412 
6. 7818 




Pugbam II.— Rate of heat emission. 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 23 

Heat emisxion — Continued . 



Period and subperiod. 



Time. 



Position. 



Total heat. 



Period II— Continued. 
Subperiod 3— 

6.00 p. m. to 9.00 p. 
9.00 p. m. to 11.58 p. 
11.58 p. m. to 1.54 a. 
1.54 a. m. to 3.50 a. 
3.50 a. m. to 4.48 a. 
4.48 a. m. to 6.00 a. 
Subperiod 4— 

6.00 a. m. to 8.48 a. 
8.48 a. m. to 11.12 a. 
11.12 a. m. to 3.16 p. 
3.16 p. m. to 6.00 p. 
Period III: 

Subperiod 1— 

6.00 p. m. to 7.45 p. 
7.45 p. m. to 11.15 p. 

11.16 p. m. to 1.04 a. 
1.04 a. m. to 3.19 a. 
3.19 a. m. to 6.00 a. 

Subperiod 2— 

6.00 a. m. to 7.50 a. 

7.50 a. m. to 11.47 a. 
11.47 a. m. to 12.44 p. 
12.44 p. m. to 3.44 p. 

3.44 p. m. to 6.00 p. 
Subperiod 3— 

6.00 p. m. to 6.52 p. 

6.52 p. m. to 7.34 p. 

7.34 p. m. to 9.23 p. 

9.23 p. m. to 9.31 p. 

9.31 p. m. to 11.11 p. 
11.11 p. m. to 12.11 a. 
12.11 a. m. to 2.33 a. 

2.33 a. m. to 3.18 a. 
3.18 a. m. to 6.00 a. 
Subperiod 4— 

6.00 a. m. to 8.40 a. 
8.40 a. m. to 11.17 a. 

11.17 a. m. to 2.14 p. 
2.14 p. m. to 5.18 p. 
5.18 p. m. to 6.00 p. 

Period IV: 

Subperiod 1— 

6.00 p. m. to 3.26 a. 

3.23 a. m. to 6.00 a. 
Subperiod 2— 

6.00 a. m. to 6.32 a. 

6.32 a. m. to 3.28 p. 
3.28 p. m. to 3.31 p. 

3.31 p. m. to 6.00 p. 
Subperiod 3— 

6.00 p. m. to 9.32 p. 

9.32 p. m. to 10.58 p. 
10.58 p.m. to 2.22 a. 

2.22 a. m. to 6.00 a. 



Minutes. 
180 
178 
116 
116 



Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 
Lying 

do 

Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

do 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

.... do 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

do 

Lying 

Staudiiig . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

.....do 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

....do 

Lying 

....do 

Standing . . . 

Lying 

Standing . . . 

....do 

Lying 

Standing . . . 
Lying 



Calorias. 
1,031.79 
683. 85 
748. 60 
482.81 
•412. 31 
274. 82 



978.50 
975. 46 



607. 27 

946. 64 
803. 49 
605. 89 

1, 048. 14 

647. 80 
789. 48 
402.71 
787. 62 
858.28 

334.89 

179. 81 
800. 92 

19.19 

722. 82 
244.36 
997.05 
179.47 

988. 65 



550. 95 
,058.35 
731.27 



5, 043. 55 

789. 13 

168. 28 

3,920.78 

15.29 

1,066.11 

1,676.98 

426. 64 

1,646.90 

971. 14 



24 



BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
Heat emission — Continued. 



Period and subperiod. 


Time. 


Position. 


Total heat. 


Heat per 
minute. 


Period IV-Continued. 
Subperiod 4— 


Minutes. 

4 

320 

180 

216 


Lying 

Standing 

Lying 

Standing 


Calories. 

22.82 

2,516.92 

1,672.97 


Calories. 


6 04 a. m. to 11.24 a. m 


7 8654 


* 11 24 a m to 2 24 p m 


4 9631 











From the foregoing table have been computed the following results 
for the total heat produced during the several periods in the lying and 
the standing positions, respectively, together with the average heat 
emission per minute. In making these computations the artificial 
division into subperiods has been disregarded: 

Total heat and average heat emission per minute. 



Period. 


Lying. 


Standing. 


Period I: 
Minutes 


. . number.. 


1,113 
5, 127. 63 

4.607 

1 

1,066 
4,248.90 

3.986 

1 

1,258 
5,034.68 

4.002 

1 

677 
3,277.56 
4.841 
. 1 


1,767 






12, 652. 21 


Heat per minute 

Ratio . . . . 


do.... 


7.160 
1.554 


Period II: 

Minutes ... 


number.. 


1,814 






10, 668. 25 


Heat per minute 

Ratio 


do.... 


5.881 
1.476 


Period III: 

Minutes 


,. number.. 


1,622 


Total heat 




10,340.01 


Heat per minute , 

Ratio 


do.... 


6.375 
L593 


Period IV: 

Minutes 


number.. 


2,203 






17,643.21 


Heat per minute 

Ratio . 




7.963 
1.645 







We should naturally ascribe these differences in heat emission to the 
increased muscular exertion required in standing. It will be noted, 
however, that the differences are much larger than those observed in 
the previous year with the same animal and are somewhat variable, 
the differences tending to be greater as the amount of food consumed 
increases. Moreover, as already noted, we are dealing only with the 
heat given off by radiation and conduction and not with the total heat 
emission. While, therefore, the above results are included for the 
sake of record, discussion of them is postponed until further data on 
this point shall have been accumulated. 



ENEliGY VALUES OF llED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 



25 



HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION. 

The figures of the above tables show the amounts of heat given off 
by the animal. The heat emitted by the animal, however, is ecjual to 
the amount of heat actually produced only when the initial and final 
states of the animal arc the same. Consequently there may be, accord- 
ing to circumstances, either a storage of heat in the body or an emis- 
sion of heat produced in a previous period. In this respect there are 
two principal sources of error: first, variations in the body tempera- 
ture of the animal; second, a storage or loss of matter by the body. 
As regards the first of these sources of error, it has been assumed that 
under normal and uniform conditions the body temperature would be 
substantial 1}^ the same at the same hour of the day. We have not 
been able as yet to make systematic determinations of the body tem- 
perature of cattle as a check upon this assumption, but the rectal 
temperature of the animal was taken daily during the digestion periods 
proper of Periods I, II, III, and part of IV. The observations were 
made immediately before watering, by means of a mercurial ther- 
mometer, with the following results: 





Period I. 


Feb. 6.. 


38.3 


7.. 


38.1 


8.. 


38.2 


9.. 


38.8 


10.. 


38.6 


11.. 


38.6 


12.. 


38.6 


13.. 


38.6 




Period II. 


Feb. 27.. 


38.5 


28.. 


38.5 


Mar. 1.. 


38.6 


2.. 


38.6 


3-. 


- 38.4 


4.. 


38.5 


5.. 


38.6 


6.. 


38.5 




Period III. 


Mar. 20.- 


38.5 


21.. 


38.5 



Period III— Continued. 

Mar. 22 38.7° C. 

22 38. 5 (15 min. later) 

22 ;38. 1 (6 p. mO 

23 38.5 

24 38. 8 (after drinking) 

24 38.2 (4.30 p. m.) 



26 38. 5 (15 min. later) 



26 38.3 (1.50 p. m.) 

26 38. 5 (6 p. m.) 

27 38.6 

27 38.8 (15 min. later) 

27 38.6 (6 p. m.) 



Apr. 10. 
11. 

12. 
13. 



38.7'= 
38.7 
38.9 
38.7 



Aside from the abnormally low temperatures of February 6, 7, and 
8, the range of the observations taken under corresponding conditions 
is 38.4° C. to 38.9 C, and the greatest difference between two succes- 
sive days is 0.2° C. With an average live weight of about 530 kilo- 
grams, assuming a specific heat of 1 for the body, this difference is 
equivalent to 106 Calories. 
1231— No. 74—05 4 



26 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

That the body temperature ma}^ be affected in particular by the 
consumption of water is rendered probable by the observations upon 
the rate of heat emission just considered as well as by those of the 
previous year. It is evident that for a time after drinking the aver- 
age temperature of the animal plus the water drunk must be somewhat 
reduced, and the somewhat marked fall in the rate of heat emission 
after drinking, as shown in Diagram II, strongly suggests that this 
effect may continue for a considerable time. Our animal, however, 
was watered twelve hours before entering and leaving the calorimeter, 
and it seems reasonable to assume that his body temperature would 
be fully restored to the normal within that time. 

If the animal stores up matter in its body, there must necessarily 
be a corresponding storing up of heat, since the matter which is stored 
was consumed in the food at a temperature considerably below that of 
the body. On the other hand, if there is a loss of matter from the 
body in any one of the various excreta, the temperature of this matter 
is reduced (either actually or by calculation) to that of the surround- 
ing air before it leaves the calorimeter, and this heat which was pre- 
viously stored up in the hodj is measured along with that actually 
produced during the experiment. The above statements are, of course, 
true, whatever be the kind of matter stored up or given off, but the 
income and outgo of water is of especial importance in this respect, 
both because of its large amount and because of the high specific heat 
of water. Indeed, a very simple calculation serves to show that in 
these experiments the difference in the income and outgo of dry matter 
does not materially affect the computation of the balance of energy, 
and that consequently only the income and outgo of water need be 
considered. 

From the data contained in the various tables of the Appendix is 
compiled the following table, showing the income and outgo of water 
by the animal and the consequent gain or loss of heat on each day of 
the calorimeter experiments. The body temperature has been assumed 
to be 38.5° C, while that of the calorimeter in every case was 18.2° C. 
In the case of feces spilled in the calorimeter, the water remaining in 
them when sampled has been divided equally between the two days. 
The amount of urine spilled has been calculated to the fresh weight 
upon the basis of its nitrogen content. 



ENEliGY VALUES OF KED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 

Approximate water balance. 



27 



Period. 


Income. 


Outgo. . 


Period. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Period I: 

February -1— 


Grams. 

443 

1>,956 


Orams. 


Period III: 
March 18- 

Hay 


Gravis. 

319 

115 

19, 755 


Gravis. 




Maize meal 












Water-T 






48 
7,819 
4,388 
4,732 














Feces, spilled 










7 




Urine c 










4,936 










13, 588 


4,781 












5,760 




16,987 


16, 987 


March 19- 

Hay 






20, 189 


20, 189 




469 
16, 345 




February 5— 


357 

115 

9,218 




Water n 




Maize meal 




Feces b 


6,151 
5,036 
4,477 
1,150 


Watera 








Feces b 


5,738 






Feces, spilled 




7 






Urine c 




3,889 















16,814 


16, 814 








4,799 




250 
19, 212 




Period IV: 
April 8— 

Hay 




Period II: 


14, 489 


14,489 


February 25— 

Hay 


313 

549 
21, 707 












3,082 
3,587 
4,264 
8,537 










Watera 








Feces& 


6,573 






Urinec 




4,304 






Water vapor 




7,472 






Balance 








19, 462 


19, 462 






April 9— 
Hay 








22,569 






296 

7,833 






February 26— 
Hay 


264 

549 

17,595 




Watera 








Uneaten residue 


2 
4,341 
4,163 
4,660 


Water n 




Feces t> 




Feces & 


6 884 


Urine c 








4,181 
8,134 


Water vapor 




Water vapor 






4,937 




801 












13,066 


13,066 


19, 199 


19, 199 



a Including water used to moisten hay. 

b Special sample. 

c Assumed to contain the same percentage of solids as the mixed urine for the period. 

Upon the basis of the above figures the actual heat production has 
been computed, as shown in the following table, the difference between 
the income and outgo of water, expressed in kilograms, being multi- 
plied by 20.3, the difference in temperature, to obtain the correction. 



28 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Heal production. 



Measured 
in calo- 
rimeter. 



Correction 
for water. 



Heat pro- 
duced. 



Period I: 

First day . . 
Second day 

Average . 
Period II: 

First day . . 
Second day 

Average . 

Period III: 
First day . . 
Second day 

Average. 
Period IV: 

First day . . 
Second day 



Calories. 
11, 683. 75 
11,627.00 



Calories. 
-275. 9a 



11,655. 



10, 257. 65 
9,915.48 



10,290. 
10, 770. 



14,730.32 
14,504.04 



-1-173. 30 
-100. 11 



-t-116. 93 
- 97.42 



85.67 
16.28 



Calories. 
11, 407. 82 
11,650.35 



11, 529. ( 



10, 430. 85 
9,^5.37 



10,407.29 
10,672.97 



14,815.99 

14,487.78 



THE BALANCE OF MATTER. 

Considering the figures for epidermal tissues on page 16 to repre- 
sent the average rate of growth of hair, etc., we may subdivide the 
gain or loss as ordinarily computed into the growth of these tissues 
and the real gain or loss of the proteids and fat in the body, as has 
been done in the computations which follow. 

THE NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. 



The income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon are shown in the fol- 
lowing table. The figures for hydrogen are omitted for the reason 
that, as stated on page 17, the results for water were not found to be 
satisfactory: 

Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head. 



Period. 


Nitrogen. 


Carbon. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Period I: 
Hav 


Grams. 
101. 00 


Grams. 


Grams. 
2, 017. 70 


Grams. 




43.20 
74.97 
1.87 


879. 60 


Urine 






150. 46 








7.40 








77.19 






' 




1,186.40 




19.04 




283. 35 












120. 04 


120.04 


2,301.05 


2,301.05 



ENERGY VALUES 01? HED CLOVER IIAY ANl) MAIZE MEAL. 29 

Income mid outijo of nilrogoi (tud rarhoii. per daij and head, — ContiiincMl. 



Period. 


Nitrogen. 


Carbon. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


Period 11: 

Hny 


Grams. 
71.40 


Grams. 


Grams. 
1,444.00 


Grams. 


Feces... 


28.40 
58. 50 
1.87 


617 10 


Urine 






103 43 










Methane 






57 18 










1,003.90 




17.37 




345. 01 










Period III: 

Hay 


88:77 


88.77 


1,789.01 


1,789.01 


78. 80 
12. 60 




1,435.90 
334. 90 




Maize ineal 








33.20 
59.01 

1.87 




Urine 






125 31 








7.40 


Methane 






77.64 










1, 103. 90 




2.68 




204. 85 











Period IV: 

Hay 


94.08 


94.08 


1, 975. 65 


1,975.65 


73.00 
60.90 




1,453.00 
1, 578. 70 




Maize meal 








51.10 
70.23 

1.87 




Urine . . . 






141 87 


Brushings , 






7.40 


Methane 






136 91 










1,673.90 






10.70 
















133.90 


133. 90 


3,031.70 


3,031.70 



GAIN OR LOSS OF PROTEIN AND FAT. 



Excluding the amount of epidermal tissue produced, the gain or loss 
of protein and fat has been computed in the usual manner, using 
Kohler's** figures for the composition of the nitrogenous tissue of 
cattle, namely, nitrogen 16.67 per cent and carbon 52.54 per i^ent. 
In other words, body protein is equivalent to nitrogen multiplied by 6. 
In the computation of fat from carbon the usual factor (1.3) has been 

employed. 

Gain or loss of protein and fat per day and head. 





Gain of 
nitrogen. 


Equiva- 
lent 
protein 

N.X6. 


Gain of carbon. 


Equiva- 


Period. 


Total. 


As pro- 
tein. 


As fat. 


lent gain 
of fat. 


I.. 


Grams. 
-19. 04 
-17.37 

+10. 70 


Grams. 
-114. 24 
-104. 22 
- 16.08 
+ 64.20 


Grams. 
-283. 35 
-345.01 
-204.85 
+311.02 


Grams. 

- 60.02 

- 54.76 

- 8.45 
+ 33.73 


Grams. 
-223. 33 
-290.25 
-196.40 

+277. 29 


Grams. 
—290. 33 




-377. 33 


Ill 


-255. 32 


IV 


+360. 48 







aZeit. physiol. Chem., v. 31, p. 479. 



so 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. 



In these experiments we have direct determinations of all the fac- 
tors of income and outgo of energy, except the potential energy of the 
methane excreted and that of the tissue gained by the animal. The 
energy of the methane, however, may be safely computed from its 
amount, its. heat of combustion at constant pressure being 13.344: 
Calories per gram. The energy of the gain of tissue bj^ the animal 
may be estimated in the usual way from the computed amounts of 
protein and fat given above, using the factors 5.7 Calories and 9.5 
Calories per gram, respectively. Having done this we are in position 
to compare the income with the outgo of energy, and thus to check to 
a considerable extent the accuracy of our experiments. The following 
table contains such a comparison for each period. The difference 
between income and outgo, which has been entered in the table under 
the heading "Error," shows, of course, the extent to which our results 
appear to deviate from those required by the law of the conservation 
of energy. As noted on page 15, the figures for the urine are com- 
puted from its carbon content. 

Balance of energy per day and per head. 





Income. 


Outgo. 


Period I: 

Hay 


Calories. 
19,840 


Calories. 


Feces 


8 652 


Urine (computed) 




1 505 








Methane 




1,376 
11,529 






Loss by body- 


651 

2, 758 




Fat 




Error 


106 










23,249 


23,249 


Period II: 

Hay 


13,917 




Feces 


5 838 






1,034 








Methane 




1 020 


Heat 





10,123 


Loss by body- 
Protein 


694 

3,585 




Fat 










18,096 


18, 096 


Period III: 

Hay .. . .... 


13, 983 
3,203 










6,331 


Urine (computed) 




1,253 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 
Balance of energy per day and per head — Continiied. 



31 





Income. 


0>itgo. 


Period III— Continued. 


Calories. 


Calorics. 








Heat 




10,540 


Loss by body- 


92 

2,426 


Fat 




Error 


115 










19, 704 


19, 704 


Period IV: 
Hay 


14, 178 
15, 066 








Feces 


7 331 






1,419 
81 


Brushings 










Heat 






Gain by body- 
Protein 






Fat 




3 425 


Error 


471 










29, 715 


29, 715 



With the exception of Period IV, the agreement between the results 
computed from the balance of matter and those obtained by the direct 
determination of the heat evolved by the animal is very satisfactory. 
In Period IV the discrepancy is larger than it should be. The follow- 
ing table contains a comparison of the observed heat production with 
that computed by subtracting the energy of excreta plus gain from 
the energy of the food. It will be seen that the percentage error is 
relatively small in each period except in Period IV. 

Heat production per day. 



Period. 


Computed. 


Observed. 


Computed 

-=- 
observed. 


I. 


Calories. 
11,635 
10, 123 
10,655 
14, 181 


Calories. 
11, 629 
10, 123 
10,540 
14, 652 


Per cent. 
100 9 


II 


100 


HI . 


101.1 


IV 


96 8 







32 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 

DIGESTIBILITY. 



Hay. — The results tabulated in Table III of the Appendix and 
summarized also under the several periods are brought together in 
the following table: 

Percentage digeslibility of hay. 



Constituents and energy. 



Period I. Period II. 



Dry matter , 

Ash 

Organic matter 

Total protein (N.X6.25) 

Proteids 

Crude fiber 

Nitrogen-free extract . . 

Ether extract 

Energy 



Per cent. 
59.13 
46.29 
60.00 
57.23 
48.58 
48.77 
69.90 
65.36 
56.39 



Per cent. 
59.70 
46.48 
60.61 
60.23 
53.19 
50.27 
68.94 
65.02 
58.05 



It appears from the above figures that the digestibility of the hay 
was slightly greater in Period II, in which the smaller amount was 
fed, than in Period I. The results recorded in Bulletin 51, Bureau of 
Animal Industrj'-, appear to show a marked increase of digestibility 
as the amount of hay consumed was diminished. Such difference as 
there is in the present instance is in the same direction, but it is so 
small as to be practically within the limits of error. 

Ifaize meal. — The digestibility of the maize meal is computed in 
Table III of the Appendix upon the assumption that the hay fed in 
Periods III and IV was digested to the same extent as was the case 
in Period II, in which the same amount was fed. The results of the 
computation are as follows: 

Computed percentage digestibility of maize meal. 



Constituents and energy. 


Period III. 


Period IV. 


Dry matter 


Per cent. 
87.34 


Per cent. 
91.50 


Ash 


18.40 




89.16 
85.23 
80.14 


92.60 


Total protein (N. x6 25) 


62 30 


Proteids 


66.43 


Crude fiber 


32.40 


Nitrogen-free extract 


98.11 
103.72 
85.46 


97 75 




95.74 


Energy . . 


90.81 







ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER II AY AND MAIZE MEAL. 



33 



There is a very marked discrepancy in the results in the two periods, 
the maize meal appearlno- to have been more digestible in Period IV 
than in Period III, Avith the exception of protein, the ditferoncc falling 
largel}^ upon the crude fiber. We are unable to explain the discrep- 
ancy. Since, however, the proportion of maize meal fed was much 
greater in Period IV than in Period III, any variation in the digesti- 
bility of the hay, or any other errors of experiment, will affect the 
final figures to a less degree, and we are inclined, therefore, to consider 
these figures as more nearly correct than those of Period III. The 
results obtained upon total protein and proteids seem to indicate 
a decrease in the apparent digestibility of these constituents under the 
influence of the large supply of carbohydrates in the maize meal, 

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY. 



The term metabolizable energy has been used by the writers to 
designate that portion of the total energy of the food which is capable 
of conversion into the kinetic form in the body. In this sense it is 
equivalent to energy of food minus energy of excreta, or to what is 
often called "fuel value." 

The data of the foregoing pages enable us to compute the metabo- 
lizable energy of the rations in the several periods. Before doing 
so, however, a certain correction is necessary in the energy of the 
urine. For example, in Period I the animal lost 19.04 grams of body 
nitrogen, corresponding to a loss of 115.24 grams of protein. 
According to Rubner's results, the potential energy of the urine is 
increased by about 7.46 Calories for each gram of urinary nitrogen 
coming from the oxidation of body protein. In this case, then, the 
urine contained approximately 19.04 X 7.45 = 142 Calories of energy 
not derived from the potential energy of the food but from that of 
body tissue. It is plain, then, that the potential energy, of the urine 
must be diminished hj this amount before it is subtracted from the 
gross energy of the food in order to get the true metabolizable energy 
of the latter. The corresponding corrections for the several periods, 
computed in this way, are as follows: 

Corrected energy of urine. 



Period. 


Gain of 
nitrogen. 


Equivalent 
energy. 


Corrected 

energy of 

urine. 


I 


Orams. 
-19.04 
-17. 37 
-2.68 
+10. 70 


Calories. 
-142 
-129 
- 20 
+ 80 


Calories. 
1,363 
905 


II 


Ill . 


1,238 


IV 


1 499 







34 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Hay. — The data of Periods 1 and II enable us to compute the meta- 
bolizable energy of the clover hay fed, as shown in the following 
table: 

MetaboUzable energy of clover hay. 



Feed and excreta. 


Period I. 


Period II. 


Feed. 


Excreta. 


Feed. 


Excreta. 




Calories. 
19,840 


Calories. 


Calories. 
13,917 


Calories. 




8,652 
1,363 
1,376 
8,449 


5 838 


Urine (corrected) . . .. 






9C5 








1,020 








6,154 








Total 


19, 840 


19,840 


13,917 


13, 917 







The relation of the metabolizable energy to the amount of matter in 
the food may be expressed in terms of Calories per gram of the total 
or of the digested organic matter. Computed in this way the results 
are as shown in the table following : 

Metabolizable energy per gram of organic matter of clover hay. 





Organic matter of 
rations. 


Metabolizable energy. 


Period. 


Total. 


Digested. 


Total. 


Per gram 
of total 
organic 
matter. 


Per gram 
of 

digested 
organic 
matter. 


I 


Orams. 
4,174 
2,941 


Grams. 
2,505 
1,783 


Calories. 
8,449 
6,154 


Calories. 
2.024 
2.092 


Calories. 
3 373 


11 


3.462 







The metabolizable energy of a feeding stuff may also be expressed 
as a percentage of the total or gross energy. Such a percentage is 
analogous to a digestion coefficient, so that if an average value for it 
were established for any particular kind of feeding stuff, the amount 
of metabolizable energy in a given amount of it could be computed 
from its total energy by multiplication by this coefficient just as the 
digestible dry matter or organic matter can be computed from the 
total amount present by the use of a digestion coefficient. The first 
half of the following table shows the percentage of the total energy 
which escaped in the several excreta or which was metabolized in the 
animal's body, while the second half of the table shows the same rela- 
tions based upon the energy of the digested matter: 



ENERGY VALUES OE RED CLOVER HAY AND MATZE MEAL. 



35 



Distribution of energy of clover It ay. 



Energy— 


Total energy. 


Jinergy of digested matter. 


Period I. 


Period II. 


Average. 


Period I. 


Period II. 


Average. 


In feces 


Per cent. 
43. 61 

G.87 
("i. 94 
42. 58 


Per cent. 
41.95 

0.50 
7.33 
44. 22 


Per cent. 

42.78 
f). 69 
7.13 

43. 40 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 




12.18 
12. 30 
75.52 


11.20 
12. 02 
76.18 








Metabolizable 


75 85 








100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 











Maize meal. — In Periods III and IV, in which maize meal was fed, 
the total metabolizable energ}^ of the ration was as shown in the fol- 
lowing table: 

Metaholizahle energy of total ration. 



Feed and excreta. 


Period III. 


Period IV. 


Feed. 


Excreta. 


Feed. 


Excreta. 


Hay 


Calories. 
13, 983 
3,203 


Calories. 


Calories. 
14, 178 
15, 066 


Calories. 








Feces 


6,331 
1,233 
1,384 
8,238 


7 331 


Urine (corrected) 




1 499 






2,441 
17 973 


Metabolizable 












Total 


17, 186 


17, 186 


29,244 


29, 244 



A part of the metabolizable energy shown in the above table, how- 
ever, was derived from the hay and only part from the maize meal. 
Knowing, however, the amount of gross energy contained in the haj^ 
consumed, we can apply to this the percentages computed in the pre- 
vious table and compute how much of the energy of the hay was lost 
in the excreta and how much was metabolizable. For this purpose the 
results upon Period II have been used, this being the period in which 
the same amount of hay was fed as in Periods III and IV. The com- 
putation is precisely similar in principle to the computation of the 
digestibility of grain in a mixed ration. The results are contained in 
the following table: 

Computed metaholizahle energy of maize meal. 





Organic matter. 


Total 
energy. 


Energy of excreta. 


Metabo- 
lizable 
energy. 




Total. 


Digesti- 
ble. 


Feces. 


Urine 
(cor- 
rected). 


Methane. 


Period III: 


Orams. 
3,676.6 
2, 952. 8 


Grams. 
2, 435. 1 
1,789.7 


Calories. 
17,186 
13, 983 


Calories. 
6,331 
5,866 


Calories. 

1,233 

909 


Calories. 
1,384 
1,025 


Calories. 
' 8, 238 


Clover hay 


6 183 








723. 8 


645.4 


3,203 


465 


324 


359 


2,055 






Period IV. 


6, 375. 6 
2,974.8 


4, 952. 3 
1,803.0 


29,244 
14,178 


7,331 

5,948 


1,499 
922 


2,441 


17, 973 


Clover hay 


6,269 




3,400.8 3 149.3 


15,066 


1,383 


577 


1,402 


11,704 











u 



SUKEATJ Ot AKIMAL iNDUSTfi"^. 



Computing these results per gram of total or digested organic mat- 
ter, and computing also the percentage distribution of the total energy 
as in the case of hay, we have the following: 

MetaboUzable energy per gram of organic matter in maize meal. 





Organic matter of 
maize meal. 


MetaboUzable energy of 
maize meal. 


Period. 


Total. 


Digested. 


Total. 


Per gram 
of total 
organic 
matter. 


Per gram 
of di- 
gested 
organic 
matter. 


HI 


Grams. 

724 

3,401 


Orams. 

645 

3,149 


Calories. 
2,055 
11,704 


Calories. 
3.441 


Calories. 
3 186 


IV : : 









Distribution of energy of maize meal. 





Total energy. 


Energy of digested 
matter. 




Period III. 


Period IV. 


Period III. 


Period IV. 


In feces 


Per cent. 
14.52 
10.12 
11.20 
64.16 


Per cent. 
9.18 
3.83 
9.31 

77.68 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 




11.83 
13.11 

75. oe 




In methane 


10 25 


Metabolizable 


85 53 








100. 00 


100. 00 


100.00 


100. (jO 



The results in these two periods show a very considerable diver- 
gence. The low percentage digestibility of the maize meal in Period 
III is equivalent, of course, to a greater apparent loss of energy in 
the feces and therefore to a lower percentage of metabolizable energy. 
Even when this is eliminated, however, by making the computation 
upon the energy of the digested matter we still find a marked differ- 
ence, Period 111 showing a greater loss in the methane, and particu- 
larly in the urine. While the outcome is unsatisfactory, it would 
seem that the results in Period IV are likel}^ to be nearer the truth 
than those of Period III. 

The above results represent what has been called the "apparent" 
metabolizable energy. It is not at all unlikely that the addition of 
maize meal affected to a greater or less degree the digestibility of the 
hay to which it was added. In particular, as was pointed out on 
page 33, it seems possible that it diminished the digestibility of the 
protein of the total ration. If such was the case the results obtained 
above are too small to represent the actual metabolizable energy of 
maize meal, just as the corresponding results upon the digestibility of 
the protein are too small. In the one case as in the other our figures 
represent the net effect upon the amount of metabolizable energy or 
of protein which the animal derived from its ration. Kny effect of 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 37 

one ingTedicnt of the ration upon the dij^'estibility of the other in 
ascribed, by the method of computation employed, entirely to the 
maize meal. The results, therefore, as stated, represent the apparent 
digestibility or the apparent metabolizable energy. 

COMPARISON OF RESULTS. 

On account of the apparent variation in digestibility the results upon 
metabolizable energy are not very satisfactory, and the same was the 
case with the experiment of the previous year. Nevertheless, it may 
be of some interest to compare the data obtained for the various 
materials experimented with. In making this comparison the results 
for timothy haj^ obtained by comparing Periods A and C have been 
employed.* For clover hay the average of Periods I and II is used, 
and for maize meal the results of Period IV. Kellner's^ average 
figures for German meadow hay have also been included. 

Percentage metabolizable. 



Of total 
energy. 



Of energy 
of digest- 
ed mat- 
ter. 



Timothy hay. 
Clover hay . . . 
Meadow hay . 
Maize meal . . 



Per cent. 
44.25 
43.40 
46.56 
77.68 



Per cent. 

a 86. 58 

75.85 

78.77 

85.63 



a Erroneously given in Bureau of Animal Industry, Bui. 51 as 85.58 per cent. 

Computed on the basis of total energy the maize meal naturally 
gives much higher figures because of its greater digestibility. Of the 
three coarse fodders the German meadow hay gives the highest results 
and the clover hay the lowest. The figures for the distribution of 
energy contained in the next following table show that the larger 
losses of energy in the case of clover hay as compared with meadow 
hay are partly due to inferior digestibility, and in part to larger losses 
in the urine and methane. In the case of timothj^ hay, while the 
digestibility is lower than that of either of the other two, the relatively 
small losses in urine and methane bring the percentage of metabolizable 
energy above that for the clover hay. When the computation is made 
upon the energy of the digested matter these relatively small losses 
in urine and methane result in a relatively high figure for metabolizable 
energy, the digested matter of the timothy hay not only being superior 
to that of the clover hay and meadow hay in this respect but even 
showing a slightly higher value than the digestible matter of maize 
meal. 

a Bureau of Animal Industry, Bui. 51, p. 52. 
l> Landw. Vers. Stat., v. 53, p. 447. 



88 



BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. 



Percentage distribution of energy. 





Total energy. 


Energy of digested matter. 




Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 


Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 




Per cent. 

48.90 
3.06 
3.79 

44.25 


Per cent. 

42.78 
6.69 
7.13 

43.40 


Per cent. 

40.96 
5.71 
6.77 

46.66 


Per cent. 
9.18 
3.83 
9.31 

77.68 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 




6.00 

7.42 
86.58 


11.69 
12.46 

75.85 


9.66 
11.57 

78.77 


4.22 




10.25 


Metabolizable 


85.53 




100. 00 


100.00 


100. 00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100. 00 



NET AVAILABLE ENERGY. 

Both our own observations and those of others, notably those of 
Zuntz and his associates, have shown that a considerable portion of 
the metabolizable energy of the food may be consumed in those 
mechanical and chemical processes incident to the digestion of the 
food and its conversion into forms fitted to nourish the body, or may 
otherwise be converted into the form of heat, and so not be directly 
available to make good the losses of potential energy from the body 
caused by the vital processes. The portion of the metabolizable 
energy remaining after subtracting the portion thus expended repre- 
sents the net contribution which the food has made to the maintenance 
of the stock of potential energy in the body. This portion of the energy 
of the food is designated as net available energy.'^ The availability of 
the energy of a food may be determined by adding the substance in 
question to a known basal ration and determining the extent to which 
the added food diminishes the previous loss of tissue. Such a com- 
parison may be based either upon the total energy of the food or upon 
its metabolizable energy, but the latter seems the more appropriate 
of the two. 

As the balance of energy on pages 28 and 29 shows, however, the 
gain or loss as computed from the nitrogen and carbon balance does 
not exactl}^ agree with that computed from the difference between 
income and outgo of energy. For the present purpose it seems most 
satisfactory to use the average of these results, or, in other words, to 
substitute in the balance of energ}^ the average of the computed and 
the observed heat production as given on page 31. For example, in 
Period I we obtain the following as the average loss of energy in the 
form of protein and fat: 

« Kellner (Ernahrung landw. Nutzthiere, p. 104) designates these two portions 
into which the metabolizable energy of the food may be divided as "Thermic 
energy" and "Dynamic energy," respectively. 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 
Average loss of energy. 



3{) 



Feed, excreta, etc. 


Income. 


Outgo. 


II a V 


Calories. 
19, 840 


Calories. 




8, 652 






Brushings 




81 














Computed loss of protein and fat 


3,356 










23, 196 


23,196 





In making the comparison with the metabolizable energy, however, 
the loss of tissue as thus computed must be corrected by subtracting 
Y.45 Calories for each gram of nitrogen in the urine, since the amount 
of metabolizable energy was corrected in the same way. The average 
figures for the growth of epithelial tissue must also be counted as part 
of the gain. Making these corrections, we have the following results 
for the several periods, those for Period IV being computed both on 
the basis of the observed and of the computed heat production as well 
as upon the average, as in other cases: 

Average gain or loss. 



Average 
gain or 
loss of 
protein 
and fat. 



of epithe- 
lial 



Correc- 
tion for 
nitrogen, 



Total 
gain or 



I 

II 

Ill 

IV (based on observed heat production) . 
IV (based on computed heat production) 
IV (average) 



Calories. 
-3,356 
-4, 179 
-2,461 
+3,320 
+3, 791 
+3,555 



Calories. 
+81 
+81 
+81 
+81 
+81 
+81 



Calories. 
+142 
+129 
+ 20 



Calories. 
-3, 133 
-3,969 
-2,360 
+3,321 
+3, 792 
+3,556 



The results in the above table are also shown graphically in Dia- 
gram III, in which the abscissae represent the total amounts of metab- 
olizable energy supplied to the animal, and the ordinates the resulting 
gain or loss of energy. 



AVAILABLE ENERGY OF HAY. 



A comparison of Periods I and II, in which different amounts of 
hay were fed, affords the means of determining the availability of the 
metabolizable energy of the latter, the results for Period II being 
subtracted from those for Period I, as in the table following. 



40 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Availability of energy. 



Period. 


Organic matter. 


Metabo- 
lizable 
energy. 


Gain. 


Availa- 


Total. 


Digested. 


bility. 




Oravis. 
4, 174 
2, 941 


Grams. 
2,505 
1,783 


Calories. 
8,449 
6,154 


Calories. 
-3,133 


Per cent. 


II 










1,233 


722 


2,295 


836 


36.42 







From the above table it appears that the 2,295 additional Calories 
of metabolizable energ^y supplied in Period I diminished the loss of 
energ-}^ from the body by 836 Calories. The latter figure represents 
the portion of the added metabolizable energy which was available in 
the sense in which that term is here used, and is 36.42 per cent of the 
2,295 Calories of added energy. The availability is indicated in Dia- 
gram III by the line AB. The above figures show a comparatively 
low availability for clover hay, particularly as compared with timothy 
hay, for which a percentage of 62.92 was found, and, pending further 
experiments, must be accepted with considerable reserve. 



AVAILABLE ENERGY OF MAIZE MEAL. 



The availability of the energy of the maize meal may be computed 
by a comparison of Periods II and III upon precisely the same princi- 
ple as that just made between Periods I and II. Owing, however, to 
slight variations in the percentage of moisture contained in the hay, 
the animal actually ate 18.9 grams more dry matter of hay in Period 
III than in Period II, an amount which is equivalent to 66.2 Calories 
of total energy. On the average of Periods I and II, 43.4 per cent of 
this total energy was metabolizable, or 29 Calories; and 36.42 per cent 
of the latter amount, equivalent to 10 Calories, was, according to the 
figures just given, available. In other words, if only as much hay had 
been consumed in Period III as in Period II, the metabolizable energy 
would have been less by 29 Calories and the gain less by 10 Calories. 
Making this correction, we have the results shown in the following 
table: 

Percentage availability of maize meal. 





Metabo- 
lizable 
energy. 


Gain. 


Percent- 
age avail- 
ability. 


Total, Period III 


Calories. 
8,238 
-29 


Calories. 

-2,360 

-10 


Per cent. 


Correction for hay. 








Periodll 


8,209 
6,154 


-2,370 
-3, 969 










2,055 


1,599 


77.81 







ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MATZE MEAL, 41 

These results iiro indicated in Dijigrain III by the line AC/' 
While this result is subject to the errors involved in the determina- 
tion of the metabolizable enorg-y of the maize meal, it is nevertheless 
evident that the energy of the latter is far more available than is that 
of either clover or timothy hay. Expressed in another v/ay, this is 
equivalent to saying that the expenditure of eneigy in digestion and 
assimilation is relatively less in the case of maize meal, a result which 
was to have been anticipated from the nature of the material. Even 
if we compute the metabolizable energy of the maize meal with the 
aid of the data obtained in Period IV, we still find an availability of 
76.2 per cent. 

REPLACEMENT VALUES. 

The earlier investigations of Rubner upon the replacement values 
of the nutrients, and his theory of isodynamic replacement founded 
upon them, have led many writers to regard the so-called "fuel value" 
of nutrients and feeding stuffs as a measure of their value in nutrition, 
at least for purposes of maintenance. By the term "fuel value," 
equivalent to what we have here called metabolizable energy, is meant 
the amount of heat which the material is capable of liberating in the 
body when oxidized to the final excretory products, and the tacit 
assumption is that, since on a maintenance ration all the energy of the 
food finally leaves the body in the form of heat, the fuel value of a 
feeding stuff is equivalent to its nutritive value. 

Our results upon timothy hay,* however, showed that about 37 per 
cent of the metabolizable energy of this feeding stuff served simply 
to increase the heat production of the animal, while only the remain- 
ing 63 per cent were available to replace that lost by the katabolism of 
body tissue. In other words, the digestible organic matter of the hay 
was not isodynamic with body tissue. It was there pointed out that 
in all probability the availability of the metabolizable energy of differ- 
ent feeding stuffs would be found to differ, particularly in the case of 
grain as compared with coarse fodder, and that therefore the relative 
values of different feeding stuffs for maintenance would not be propor- 
tional to their metabolizable energy, or "fuel value." 

The results of the present series of experiments fully confirm this 
anticipation. From the data on the foregoing pages we find the 
metabolizable energy of one kilogram of total organic matter to be 
as follows: 

Metabolizable energy per kilogram of total organic matter. 

Calories. 

Clover hay (average of Periods I and II) 2, 058 

Timothy hay (Periods C-A ) 2, 113 

Maize meal (Period I V ) 3, 441 

« The slight correction for hay is not shown on the diagram. 
& Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin No. 51, pp. 61-63. 



42 



BUREAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



The extent to which one kilogram of total organic matter diminished 
the loss of body tissue — i. e., its actual value for maintenance — is 
measured b}^ its available energy, and was as folllows: 

Available energy per kilogram of total organic matter. 

Calories. 

Clover hay 750 

Timothy hay 1, 330 

Maize meal 2, 678 

Taking clover hay as unity, the relative maintenance values of one 
kilogram of total organic matter as computed from its metabolizable 
energy (fuel value) and as actually measured by its available energy 
were as follows: 

Relative values of total organic matter for maintenance. 



Feeds. 


Computecl 
from met- 
abolizable 
energy. 


Computed 
from avail- 
able en- 
ergy. 


Clover hav 


1.000 
1.027 
1.672 


1.000 


Timothy hav 


1 773 











A similar comparison per kilogram of digestible organic matter 
gives the following result: 

Energy per kilogram, digestible organic matter. 



Clover hay . . 
Timothy hay 
Maize meal . 



Calories. 
3,413 
3,794 
3,716 



Calories. 
1, 243 



Relative values of digestible organic matter for maintenance. 


Feeds.' 


Computed 
from met- 
abolizable 
energy. 


Computed 
from avail- 
able en- 
ergy. 




1.000 
1.112 


1.000 




1.920 


Maize meal 


2.325 







It is evident that the maintenance values based on the fuel values 
are not only much too high, but are not even approximately correct 
relatively. 

PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ENERGY. 

In Period IV enough maize meal was added to the ration to cause a 
material gain by the animal. The percentage of metabolizable energy 
actually stored as gain may be designated as the percentage utiliza- 
tion in distinction from the percentage availability, which is measured 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 43 

by the diminution of the loss below the niiiintenance re(|uii'enient. As 
we have seen, a certain percentag'e of tiie nietal)oliza))h; energy of the 
food is expended in its digestion and assimilation. When, however, 
this assimilated food is to be converted into tissue, we may assume as 
altogether probable that additional chemical work nmst be done upon 
it, involving a further expenditure of energy. If this is the case, we 
shall expect to find the percentage utilization correspondingly less 
than the percentage availability. 

In Period IV slightly more hay was consumed than in Period III. 
After correcting for this, as in the previous case, the subtraction of 
Period III from Period IV shows that in the latter 9,639 Calories more 
of metabolizable energy were consumed, resulting in a gain of 3,525 




Diagram III.— Availability and utilization of energy. 

Calories instead of a loss of 2,360 Calories. The effect of the added 
9,639 Calories, therefore, is a mixed one, namely, preventing a loss 
of 2,360 Calories, and causing an actual gain of 3,525 Calories. From 
these figures it is not possible to compute directly the percentage 
availability or the percentage utilization. If, however, we assume 
that the availability of the energy is independent of the amount fed, 
we can easily compute how much maize meal it would have been nec- 
essary to add to the ration of Period III to exactly reach the mainte- 
nance requirement. Obviously 2,360 Calories of available energy 
would be required for this purpose. We have already computed the 
availability to be 77.81 per cent. The required amount of metaboliz- 
able energy, therefore, is 2,360 ^ 0.7781 = 3,033 Calories. Geomet- 
rically, this operation is represented in Diagram III by the production 



44 



BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



of the line AC to E. Subtracting this amount from the total differ- 
ence between the two periods we find, as shown in the table, that there 
remained 6,604 Calories of metabolizable energy which produced an 
average gain of 3,525 Calories, corresponding to a percentage utiliza- 
tion of 53.30 per cent, which is represented by the line ED in Dia- 
gram III. In the last two columns of the table are included also the 
results based respectively upon the maximum and minimum figures 
for the gain as given on page 39, the corresponding lines in the dia- 
gram being the broken lines ED^ and EDg. 

Percentage utilization. 





Metaboliz- 
able 
energy. 


Gain. 




Average. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Period IV 


Calories. 

17,973 

-86 


Calories. 
3,556 
-31 


Calories. 
3,792 
-31 


Calories. 
3,321 


Correction for hay . . . 


—31 






Period IV corrected 


17,887 
8,238 


3,525 
-2, 360 


3,761 
-2, 360 


3,290 
-2,360 






Difference 


9,649 
3,033 


5,885 
2,360 


6,121 
2,360 


5,650 










6,616 


3,525 


3,761 


3,290 


Percentage utilization 




Per cent. 
53.28 


Per cent. 
56.85 


Per cent. 
49 73 









Clearly the percentage utilization is much less than the percentage 
availability, even if we take the lower corrected figures for the latter. 
Of the net available energy supplied 31.52 per cent appears to have 
been expended in the work of tissue building, while 64.48 per cent 
was stored as gain. This result is quite in accordance with the indi- 
cations obtained in Period D of the previous year's experiments on 
timothy hay (idem, pp. 58 and 64.) 



DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY. 

The foregoing results, and those of Bulletin No. 51 , Bureau of Animal 
Industry, afford data for at least an approximate comparison of the 
percentage distribution of the energy of timothy hay, clover hay, and 
maize meal between the several excretory products, the expenditure in 
digestion and assimilation, the expenditure in tissue formation, and 
the resulting gain of tissue. The results are contained in the tables 
following, which are an extension of that given on page 38. The 
distribution is calculated both upon the total energy and upon the 
energy of the digested matter. Kellner's average results for German 
meadow hay are also included in the table for the sake of comparison. 



ENEKGY VALUES OF KED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 



45 



Percentage distribution of total energy. 





Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 


In feces 


Per cent. 
48. 90 
3.06 
3.79 
16.41 
13.10 
14.74 


Per cent. 
42.78 
6.69 
7.13 

27. 60 

} «.8.{ 


Per cent. 
40. 96 
5. 71 

6. 77 

} -■-! 

19. 28 


Per cent. 
9 18 




3.83 






Expended in digestion and assimilation. 


17 2H 




19. 06 












100.00 


100.00 


100. 00 


100.00 




27.84 


15.80 













Percentage distribution of energy of digested matter. 





Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 


In urine 


Per cent. 
6.00 
7.42 
32.10 
25.64 
28.84 


Per cent. 
11.69 
12.46 
48.24 

I 27. 61 


Per cent. 

9.66 

. 11. 57 

46.08 

32.69 


Per cent. 
4 22 






In digestion and assimilation 


f 18 97 




1 20. 99 


Stored as gain 


45.67 








100.00 


100.00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


Net available . . . . . ... 


54.49 


27.61 




65 55 









The same results may also be computed in Calories per unit of dry 
matter, using the percentages of the above tables as coefficients. The 
total or gross energy of the materials, taking in case of timothy hay, 
clover hay, and maize meal the average of the two general samples, 
was as follows: 



Total or gross energy of materials. 



Materials. 


Per kilo- 
gram dry 
matter. 


Per kilo- 
gram di- 
gested or- 
ganic mat- 
ter. 




Calories. 
4,554 
4,457 
4,431 
4,413 


a 4, 382 


Clover hay 


b 4, 494 




c 4, 327 


German meadow hay 


4,437 







Preliminary period, steer No. 1. 



c Average of Periods III and IV. 



'Average of Period.s I and II. 



On this basis have been computed the figures of the table following, 
showing the total energy per kilogram of dry matter and its distribu- 
tion in accordance with the percentage figures already given. 



46 



BUKEAU OF ANIMA.L INDTJSTKY. 



Energy per kilogram total dry matter. 





Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
hay. 


Maize 
meal. 




Calories. 
2,227 
139 
173 
747 
597 
671 


Calories. 

1,907 

298 

318 

1,230 

1 704: 


Calories. 

1,807 

252 

299 

1 1, 204 

851 


Calories. 
407 




170 




413 


Expended in digestion and assimilation 


f 763 

1 844 

1,834 










Total 


4,554 


4,457 


4,413 


4 431 








1,268 


704 




2, 679 









Energy per kilogram digestible organic matter. 





Timothy 
hay. 


Clover 
hay. 


Meadow 
. hay. 


Maize 
meal. 


Lost in urine . . . 


Calories. 

262 

325 

1,407 

1,124 

1,264 


Calories. 

525 

560 

2,168 

I 1, 241 


Calories. 
429 
513 

2,045 

1,450 


Calories. 
183 




443 






Expended in tissue formation 


j 908 










Total 


4,382 


4,494 


4,437 


4,327 






' 


1,241 




2,880 







Taking the figures for timothy hay as 1.00, the relative values of 
these four feeding stuffs are as follows: 

Relative values. 



Foods. 


Per kilogram total dry 
matter. 


Per kilogram digestible 
organic matter. 


For main- 
tenance. 


For fatten- 
ing. 


For main- 
tenance. 


For fatten- 
ing. 


Timothy hay 


1.00 
.56 


1.00 


1.00 
.52 


1 00 






Meadow hay 


1.27 
2.73 


1 15 




2.11 


1.21 


1.56 







These figures again render it evident that neither the maintenance 
value nor the value for productive purposes of these feeding stuffs is 
proportional to their metabolizable energy (fuel value). 

It must, of course, be remembered that the above figures, with the 
exception of Kellner's average for meadow hay, are the results of but 
a single experiment each upon one animal. It is scarcely necessary 
to say that far more extensive investigations are necessary to secure 
results which can be regarded as fixing the absolute values of these 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 47 

three feeding stuffs for maintenance or for productive purposes. We 
are far from making- the general statement that one kilogram of the 
dry matter of timothy hay, for example, is capable of producing a 
gain of 671 Calories by a steer, or that it has a value of 1,268 Calories 
in a maintenance ration. 

The value of our results, in our judgment, lies in the very marked 
differences which they show between the "fuel value," the value for 
maintenance, and the value for productive purposes. These differ- 
ences appear to us too large to be accounted for by the possible errors 
of single experiments, and we therefore believe that our results con- 
stitute at least a qualitative demonstration of the existence of such 
differences, especially since they are entirely in harmony in this 
respect with those of other investigators, and with generally accepted 
conceptions of the physiology of nutrition. 



APPENDIX. 



Table I. — Weight, water drunk, and excreta. 



For 24 hours 

ended on date 

given. 


Live 
weight. 


Water 
drunli. 


Feces. 


Urine.a 
Grams. 


For 24 hours 

ended on date 

given. 


Live 
weight. 


Water 
drunli. 


Feces. 


Urine.a 


Hay only. 
Period I: 

Jan., 1903. 
24 


577.5 
559.8 
566.6 
565.2 
553.1 
561.0 
553.4 
554.0 

541.5 

556.2 

6 [545. 9] 


Kilos. 
0.0 
22. 45 


Grams. 


Hay only— Con. 
Period II: 

Feb., 1903. 
14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 


Kilos. 
543.9 
529. 8 
540.8 
527.7 
634. 25 
.fi9i n 


Kilos. 

0.0 

26.95 

1.4 
18.3 

0.0 
30.2 

5.8 
17.7 

0.0 
16.56 

0.0 
13.0 

7.665 
25.6 
11.8 

16.8 

9.8 
16.5 

0.0 
24.2 

0.0 


Grams. 

4,058 
5,713 
6,712 
6,942 

4,588 
7,896 
5,569 
6,438 
4,960 
4,727 


G7-ams. 


25 








26 


18.6 
3.8 

28.1 
8.0, 

18.0 







27 






28 






29 






30 






20 536.4 

21 .■>•>« fi 


31 






Feb., 1903. 
1 


31.8 
0.0 
24.05 
2.5 
16.1 
10.9 
24.1 
13.0 
12.8 
20.9 
10.85 
12.2 
18.0 






22 

23 

24 

25 


532. 4 
620. 25 
6 [527.0] 


2 






3 






3 840 




9,738 
7,793 
9,430 
8,500 
9,545 
10, £0') 
8,652 
8,975 
9,196 
9,344 


4,730 
5,433 
5,371 
5,602 
rf[5,625] 
6,283 

6,015 
6,290 
6,050 


26 

27 

28 

Mar., 1903. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Total .... 


c[524.9] 
6[519. 4] 
623. 4 

520.8 
524.2 
618. 2 
520.2 
512. 
523. 




5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 


[554.0] 
6 [549. 5] 
540.5 
548.1 
545.4 
543.0 
548.6 
544.0 
540.0 


7,003 

e[7,577] 

6,366 
6,300 
7,033 
4,160 
3,963 
5,830 








91,677 
19.5 
1.6 


57, 537 






56, 602 
19.4 




Spilled in calo- 






Spilled in calo- 








Spilled install 
Feb 13 






Spilled in stall 
Mar 1 






58 8 


















a Including wash vcater. 

6 Taken at 7.30 a. m. 

c Taken at 6.00 p. m., when removed from calorimeter. 

d Very small loss of urine. 

e Not composited— considerable loss. 



49 



50 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Table I. — Weight, water drunk, and excreta — Continued. 



For 24 hours 

ended on date 

given. 


Live 
weight. 


Water 
drunk. 


Feces. 


Urine.a 


For 24 hours 

ended on date 

given. 


Live 
weight. 


Water 
drunk. 


Feces. 


Urine.a 


Hay and maize 

meal. 
Period III: 
Mar., 1903. 


Kilos. 
536.6 
524.8 
515.2 
503.4 
519.8 
523. 6 
520.6 
519.9 
519.8 
513.8 
6 [526. 8] 


KUos. 
25.1 

3.3 

0.0 
29.8 
21.0 
14.4 
14.7 
14.3 

9.4 
22.8 

0.0 
19.355 

8.818 
20.1 
13.7 
24.2 

0.0 
33.0 

0.0 
23.9 
13.0 


Grams. 


Grams. 


Hay and maize 

meal— Con. 
Period IV: 
Mar. 1903. 

28 

29 

30 

31 

Apr.l 

2.:.... 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 


KUos. 
507.0 
514.2 
526.0 
521.8 
530.6 
527.4 
533.0 
526.0 
527.0 
511.2 
6 [534.0] 


Kilos. 

10.8 

25.6 

11.8 

23.8 

5.6 
24.8 
13.8 
18.0 

0.0 
34.0 

0.0 
20. 907 
16. 795 
24.9 
2L2 
25.9 
15.3 
20.8 
16.8 
16.0 
19.0 


Grams. 


Grams. 


8 


! 






g 


1 








t 






11 


1 


























14 




















16 




















18 


5,875 
7,167 
7,169 
6,915 
7,070 
7,947 
5,868 
6,710 
7,360 
5,925 


5,235 
4,125 
5,368 
6,950 
8,485 
d[8,610] 
8,408 
7,315 
9,025 
6,565 


7,993 
8,436 
6,018 
8,955 
10, 560 
7,392 
9,710 
9,350 
9,360 
9,000 


4,627 
4,495 
6,020 
4,720 
5,925 
6,130 
5,578 
5,195 
6,110 
5,885 


19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 


e[519.9] 
5[515.0] 
516.5 
515.0 
521.1 
505.4 
522.2 
506.4 
514.6 


9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 


c [532. 65 
ft [524. 21 
524.0 
528.2 
534.0 
530.3 
534.3 
533.2 
533.3 


Total .... 






68,006 

29.0 

45.9 
78.2 
8.4 
10.6 


70,086 






86, 763 


64, 685 


Spilled in cal- 
orime ter 
Mar. 19 






Dung in tube 
at end of 
period . 






Spilled in stall: 
Mar. 20 ... . 






Spilled in stall 








Mar. 22 . 
















Mar. 8 








Mar. 9 

















a Including wash water. 

b Taken at 7.30 a.m. 

c Taken at 8.00 p. m., when removed from calorimeter. 

d Very small loss of urine. 



ENESGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 



51 



Table II. — Composition of dry matter of feces. 



Constituents and energy. 


Hay only. 


Hay and maize meal. 


Period I. 


Period II. 


Period III. 


Period IV. 


Ash 


Per cent. 

8.41 
14. 81 
42.40 
31.86 

2.46 


Per cent. 

8.58 
14.01 
41.54 
33.53 

2.34 


Per cent. 
9.22 
15. 20 
40.90 
32.46 
2.22 


Per cent. 
9.77 


Protein (Nx6 25) 


20.24 




36.02 


Nitrogen-free extract 


31.55 




2.42 








100.00 


100.00 


100. 00 


100. 00 




2.371 
2.079 

48.27 

5.97 

Calories 

per gram. 

4,747.6 


2.240 

1.933 

48.70 

6.04 

Calories 

per gram. 

4,607.5 


2.431 

2.122 

48.36 

6.19 

Calories 

per gram. 

4,629.6 


3.239 


Proteid nitrogen 


2.390 




48.22 


Hj'drogen ...^ 

Heat of combustion 


6.54 

Calories 

per gram. 

4,647.4 





Table III. — Digestibility of rations. 



Dry 
mat- 
ter. 



Or- 
ganic 
mat- 
ter. 



Pro- 
teids. 



Non- 
pro- 
teids. 



Crude 
fiber. 



Nitro- 
gen 



Nitro- 
gen. 



Car- 
bon. 



Ener- 
gy. 



Total rations. 
Period I: 

Hay 

Fece 

Di| 
Coefficient, p. ct 

Period II: 

Hay 

Feces 

Digested 

Coefficient, p. ct 
Period III: 

Hay 

Maize meal 

Total 

Feces 

Digested 

Coefficient, p. ct 
Period IV: 

Hay 

Maize meal 

Total 

Feces 

Digested 

Coefficient, p. ct 



Grms. 
4,459.0 
1,822.3 



Qrms. 
285.4 
163.3 



Grms. 
4,173.6 



Grms. 
524.7 



Grms. 
80.7 



Grms. 

1,510.4 

773.8 



Grms 
129.2 
44.8 



i-rms. 
101.0 
43.2 



Cats. 
9,839.' 
8,651.1 



2,636.7 
».13 



132.1 
46.29 



2, 504. 6 
60.00 



254.8 
48.58 



80.7 
100.00 



736.6 

48.77 



57.8 
57.23 



1,138.1 
56.41 



11,188. 
56.3 



3, 143. 9 
1,267.0 



2, 940. 8 
1,158. 



379.2 
177.5 



1,058.5 
526.4 



1,367.9 
424.9 



71.4 
28.4 



1,444.0 
617.1 



13, 916. 5 
5,837.7 



1,876. 
59.70 



94.4 
46.48 



201.7 
53.19 



60.3 
100.00 



532.1 
50.27 



55.2 
65.02 



43.0 
60.23 



8, 078. 8 
68.05 



3,162.8 
734.7 



210.0 
10.9 



2, 952. 8 
723. 



414. 
69.5 



, 393. 2 
601.7 



90.1 
30.1 



1,435 
334.9 



13,982.7 
3,203.1 



3,897.5 

i,3e 



220.9 
126.1 



3,676.6 
1,241.5 



484.1 
207.9 



1,013.1 
559. 



1,994.9 
443. 



120.2 
30.4 



91.4 
33.2 



1,770.8 
661.4 



17, 185. 8 
6, 331. 4 



2,435.1 
66.26 



276.2 
57.05 



64.1 
100.00 



453.8 
44.79 



1,551.0 

77.75 



3,186.4 
3,450.8 



211.6 
50.0 



2,974. 
3,400.8 



408.5 
352. 



36. 
10.0 



1,039.7 
75.6 



1 
2,817.6 



91.1 

145, 



1,109.4 
62.66 



1,453.0 
1,578.7 



10,864.4 
63.16 



14,17T.6 
15,065.8 



6. 637. 2 
1,577.4 



261.6 
154.1 



6,375. 
1,423.3 



760.5 
319.3 



1, 115, 
568.2 



4,216.4 
497.7 



237.0 
38.2 



133.0 
51.1 



29,243.4 
7,330.8 



5, 059. 
76.23 



107.5 
41. 



4,952.3 

77. 



441.2 
58.01 



46.3 
100.00 



547.1 
49.05 



81.9 
61.68 



2, 271. 1 
74.92 



21, 912. f 
74.9c 



52 



BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
Table III. — Digestibility of rations — Continued. 





Dry 
mat- 
ter. 


Ash. 


or- 
ganic 
mat- 
ter. 


Pro- 
teids. 


Non- 
pro- 
teids. 


Crude 
fiber. 


Nitro- 

frfe 
ex- 
tract. 


Ether 
ex- 
tract. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Car- 
bon. 


Ener- 
gy. 


Computed digestibility 
of maize meal. 

Period III: 

Total digested... 

Computed d i - 

gestibleinhay. 


Orms. 
•2,529.9 


Grms. 
94.8 

97.6 


Grms. 
2,435.1 

1, 789. 7 


Grms. 
276.2 

220.6 


6i-ms. 
64.1 

59.1 


Grms. 
463.8 

600.6 


Grms. 
1,55.1.0 

960.47 


Grms. 

89.8 

58.68 


Grms. 

58.2 

47.46 


Gi-ams. 
1,109.4 

822.3 


Cals. 
10,864.4 

8,117.0 


Digested from 

maize meal.. 

Coefficient, p. ct. 


641.7 
87.34 


-2.8 


645.4 
89.16 


56.7 
80.14 


5.0 
100.00 


-46.7 


590. 53 
98.11 


31.22 
103.72 


10.74 
86.23 


287.1 
85.42 


2,737.4 
85.46 


Period IV: 

Total digested... 
Computed di- 
gestible in hay. 


5,059.8 
1,902.3 


107.6 
98.3 


4,952.3 
1,803.0 


441.2 
207.3 


46.3 
36.3 


547.1 
622.6 


3,718.7 
964.3 


198.8 
69.4 


81.9 
43. 96 


2,271.1 
832.1 


21,912.1 
8,-230. 1 


Digested from 

maize meal.. 

Coefficient, p. ct. 


3,157.5 
91.50 


18.40 


3, 149. 3 
92.60 


233.9 
66.43 


10.0 
100.00 


24.5 
32.40 


2, 754. 4 
97.75 


139.4 
95.74 


37.94 
62.30 


1,439.0 
91.09 


13,682.0 
90.81 



Table IV. — Results on urine {inclusive of wash water). 





Weight. 


Aver- 
age 
specific 
gravity. 










Energy. 


Period. 


Total nitrogen. 


Total carbon. 


Per gram. 


Total. 


Period I: 


Grams. 
57,537.0 
5,764.0 


1. 0413 


Per ct. 
1.303 


Grams. 
749.71 
74.97 


Per ct. 
2.615 


Grams. 

1,604.59 

150. 46 


Calories. 


Calories. 


Daily average (10 days) . . . 


217.2 


1, 249. 8 


Period II: 

Total collected 


48,951.0 
85.8 




1.073 
1.513 


525. 24 
1.30 


1.897 
"2.676 


928.60 
2.30 


171.2 
a 241. 4 


8, 380. 4 


Spilled in stall Mar. 1 


20.7 


Total 


49,036.8 

5,448.6 


1. 0403 




526. 54 
58. 50 




930. 90 
103.43 




8,401.1 


Daily average ( 9 days) — 






933 5 






Period III: 

Total collected 


70,086.0 
7, 008. 6 


1. 0365 


0.843 


690. 82 
59.01 


1.788 


1,253.14 
125. 31 






Daily average (10 days; . . . 


131.4 


920.9 


Period IV: 


54, 685. 
6 50.0 
















Spilledinstall Apr. 13.... 


























1 


Total 


54, 736. 
6,473.5 


1. 0398 


1.283 


702.25 
70.23 


2.692 


1,418.73 
141. 87 




11 943 17 


Daily average (10 days) . . . 


218.2 


1, 194. 3 



1 Assumed to be proportional to nitrogen content. 



ENERGY VALUES OF BED CLOVEli HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 53 

Table V. — Residual air. 





C 
t 

1 


a 


i 

a 


WeiKlU. 


(^orrospond- 

iiiK volume 

at O'^ iiiul 

700 mm. 


Total vol- 
ume of 
.sample 

reduced. 




Total in 
chamber. 


Period. 


1 


-3 • 


1 


P 


1 


a 
< 


sa 


Ih' 


3° 


Period. I. 


Liters 


Mm. 


°c. 


Gms. 


Gms. 


Liters 


Liters 


Liters 


Liters 


Liters 


Gms. 


Gms. 


At end of preliminary run.. 


26 


710.2 


19.7 


0. 1548 


0.1066 


0.19 


0.05 


21.84 


22.03 


10,879 


70.45 


52.64 


At end of subperiod 1 


25 


704.0 


16.2 


. 1432 


.1009 


.18 


.05 


21.91 


22.09 


10,719 


69.48 


48.96 


At end of subperiod 2 


25 


696.2 


16.0 


.1786 


.1196 


.22 


.06 


21.69 


21.91 


10, 626 


86.92 


58.20 


At end of subperiod 3 


25 


701.1 


19.8 


.1233 




.15 


.04 


21.54 


21.69 


10, 742 


61.00 


43.94 


At end of subperiod 4 


25 


712.2 


18.5 


.1599 


.1107 


.19 


.06 


22.00 


22.19 


10,879 


78.39 


54.27 


Period II. 


























At end of preliminary run.. 


25 


718.9 


18.5 


.1395 


.0991 


.17 


.05 


22. 15 


22.32 


10, 985 


68.66 


48.77 


At end of subperiod 1 


25 


721.3 


17.0 


.1465 


.0971 


.18 


.05 


22.38 


22.56 


11, 014 


71.53 


47.41 


At end of subperiod 2 


25 


725.6 


16.6 


.1479 


.0987 


.18 


.05 


22.55 


22.73 


11,074 


72.06 


48.09 


At end of subperiod 3 


25 


726.6 


15.5 


.1225 


.0947 


.15 


.05 


22.77 


22.92 


11,075 


59.19 


45.76 


At end of subperiod 4 


25 


724.1 


18.0 


.1331 


.1107 


.17 


.06 


22.41 


22.58 


10, 845 


63.93 


53.17 


Period III. 


























At end of preliminary run. . 


25 


719.1 


17.2 


.1482 


.1044 


.18 


.05 


22.30 


22.48 


10, 985 


72.42 


51.02 


At end of subperiod 1 


25 


720.1 


18.3 


.1631 


.1071 


.19 


.05 


22.25 


22.44 


11, 008 


80.01 


52.54 


At end of subperiod 2 


25 


721.4 


17.8 


.2030 


.1124 


.24 


.06 


22.34 


22.58 


11, 022 


99.09 


54.87 


At end of subperiod 3 


25 


723.7 


16.6 


.1722 


.1121 


.21 


.06 


22.50 


22.71 


11, 045 


83.75 


54.52 


At end of subperiod 4. 


25 


719.8 


17.4 


.2006 


.1185 


.24 


.06 


22. 32 


22.56 


10,998 


97.79 


57.77 


Period IV. 


























At end of preliminary run.. 


25 


708.1 


20.0 


.2008 


.1514 


.24 


.08 


21.78 


22.02 


10,862 


99.05 


74.68 


At end of subperiod 1 


25 


710.4 


18.8 


.2167 


.1405 


.26 


.07 


21.93 


22. 19'l0, 635 


103. 86 


67.34 


At end of subperiod 2 


25 


709.0 


18.2 


.2004 


.1487 


.25 


.07 


21.93 


22.1810,847 


98.01 


72.72 


At end of subperiod 3. ...... . 


25 


711.8 


19.3 


.2035 


.1382 


.25 


.07 


21.94 


22.1910,906 


100. 02 


67.92 


At end of subperiod 4 


25 


710.7 


17.6 


.2069 


.1525 


.26 


.08 


22.04 


22.3010,864 


100.80 


74.29 



a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 



54 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
Table VI. — Ventilation. 



Period. 


Volume 
at meter 
pump. 


Average 
barome- 
ter. 


Average 

tension 

of aque- 

ousvapor. 


Average 
tempera- 
ture. 


Reduced 
volume at 

meter 
pump, dry. 


Sample 
of resid- 
ual air. 


Methane 
pro- 
duced. 


Volume of 
entering 
air, dry. 


Period I. 


Liters. 


mm. 


mm. 


°C. 


Liters. 


Liters. 


Liters. 


Liters. 


Subperiodl 


490, 773 


720.9 


1.54 


16.7 


437,738.8 


21.9 


73.9 


437, 686. 9 


Subperiod2 


477, 546 


711.7 


2.53 


17.1 


419,407.2 


21.7 


73.6 


419,355.3 


SubperiodS 


495,281 


714.8 


2.70" 


17.1 


436,729.2 


21.5 


72.8 


436, 677. 9 


Subperiod 4 


486, 562 


722.5 


2.16 


17.6 


433,252.9 


22.0 


69.2 


433,205.7 


Period II. 


















Subperiod 1 


473, 732 


735.2 


1.47 


18.4 


428,453.7 


22.4 


53.2 


428, 422. 9 


Subperiod 2 


460, 159 


739.0 


1.13 


16.2 


421,732.8 


22.6 


51.1 


421,704.3 


Subperiod 3 


460,208 


739.7 


1.20 


15.9 


422,577.3 


22.8 


54.9 


422,545.2 


Subperiod 4 


455,007 


740.1 


0.98 


16.6 


417, 079. 1 


22.4 


65.3 


417,046.2 


Period in. 


















Subperiodl 


462,090 


734.8 


2.17 


16.1 


420, 691. 8 


22.3 


72.2 


420, 641. 9 


Subperiod 2 


455,056 


737.0 


1.91 


17.1 


414,154.4 


22.3 


71.4 


414,105.3 


Subperiod 3 


467,242 


737.4 


1.80 


16.3 


426,728.2 


22.5 


76.1 


426,675.6 


Subperiod 4 


460,307 


736.8 


1.56 


15.7 


421, 065. 4 


22.3 


72.5 


421, 016. 2 


Period IV. 


















Subperiod 1 


461,100 


726.6 


2.64 


17.8 


412, 274. 4 


21.9 


120.6 


412, 175. 7 


Subperiod 2 


455, 700 


724.3 


1.67 


17.0 


407,931.7 


21.9 


133.8 


407,819.8 


Subperiod 3 


474, 822 


727.2 


2.23 


17.5 


425,639.2 


21.9 


126.5 


426, 534. 6 


Subperiod 4 


463, 676 


727.5 


2.35 


17.4 


415, 885. 4 


22.0 


132.6 


416, 774. 8 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 



55 



Table VIL — Ingoing air. 





Aspi- 
rator 
read- 
ing. 


Ba- 
rome- 
ter, a 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Re- 
duced 
aspira- 
tor 
read- 
ing, 
dry. 


Vol- 
ume 
of 
car- 
l)on 
diox- 
ide. 


Total 
volume 
of sam- 
ple re- 
duced 
and 
dry. 


Ratio 
of sam- 
ple to 
total 
ventila- 
tion. 


Water. 


Carbon diox- 
ide. 


Period. 


In sam- 
ple. 


In total 
venti- 
lation. 


In sam- 
ple. 


In to- 
tal 
ven- 
tila- 
tion. 


Period L 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period II. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period III. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 

Period IV. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod 2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 


Liters 
200 
200 
200 
200 

43.5 
200 
200 
200 

200 
200 
200 
200 

200 
200 
200 
200 


mm. 
700.8 
695.9 
702.3 
712.0 

719.3 
724.1 
726.0 
724.5 

720.2 
721.2 
723.7 
720.4 

711.0 
708.6 
713.1 
711.4 


°C. 
17.8 
18.4 
21.8 
19.6 

19.4 
18.4 
19.4 
20.6 

20.0 
19.6 
18.0 
19.8 

20.4 
19.8 
21.0 
19.0 


Liters. 
173. 12 
171.58 
172.04 
174. 82 

38.44 
178. 52 
178. 37 
177.28 

176. 58 
177.09 
178. 66 
176. 75 

174.09 
173.85 
174.25 
175. 03 


Liters 
0.06 
.06 
.05 
.05 

.01 
.05 
.06 
.06 

.06 
.06 
.06 
.06 

.06 
.06 
.06 
.05 


Liters. 
173. 18 
171.64 
172.09 
174. 87 

38.45 
178. 57 
178. 43 
177. 34 

176.64 
177. 15 
178. 72 
176.81 

174.16 
173. 91 
174.31 
175. 08 


1: 
2, 527. 4 
2,443.2 
2,537.5 
2,477.3 

11, 142. 3 
2,361.6 
2,368.1 

2. 351. 7 

2, 381. 4 
2,337.6 
2, 387. 4 
2,381.2 

2,366.8 
2, 345. 
2,441.3 

2. 374. 8 


Oram. 
0. 4039 
.4209 
.4318 
.2896 

.3597 
.2204 
.2100 

.5241 
.4369 
.8396 
.1655 

.7725 
.1264 
.0924 
.0772 


Grams. 
1, 020. 8 
1,028.4 
1,095.7 
717.4 

759.9 
849.5 
521.9 
493.9 

1,248.1 
1,021.3 
2, 004. 5 

1,828.4 
296.4 
225.6 
183.3 


Oram. 0ms. 
0. 1124 284. 01 
.1102 269.2 
. 1046 265. 4 
. 1013 251. 

. 0251 279. 7 
.1094 268.4 
.1128 267.1 
. 1165 274. 

.1188 282.9 
.1202 281.0 
. 1168 278. 9 
.1150 273.8 

. 1137 269. 1 
. 1110 260. 3 
.1117 272.7 
. 1066 253. 2 



'■ Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 



56 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
Table VIII. — Carbon dioxide. 



Carbon dioxide 
in samples 
(corrected), a 


Pan 

No. 1. 


Pan 
No. 2. 


Grams. 


Grams. 


12. 3144 


12. 1553 


12. 1142 


12. 1389 


12. 4777 


12.3708 


11. 9475 


11.8761 


10.5350 


Lost. 


10. 6092 


10. 5461 


10. 6495 


10. 5518 


10. 3482 


10. 3452 


11.2609 


n.2802 


11.3133 


11. 3365 


11. 9475 


11. 9567 


11.3273 


11. 3569 


16. 4772 


16.6405 


16. 7846 


16.9196 


16.3318 


16. 4606 


16.4890 


16.8123 



Total, 
Nos.l 
and 
2x100 
and cor- 
rected. 6 



In sam- 
ple of 
resid- 
ual air. 


Correc- 
tion for 
residual 
air. 


Gram. 


Grams. 


0.10 


- 3.7 


.1 


+ 9.2 


.1 


-14.3 


.1 


-1-10.3 


.1 


- 1.4 


.1 


-f- 0.7 


.1 


- 2.3 


.1 


+ 7.4 


.1 


-t- 1.5 


.1 


+ 2.3 


.1 


- 0.4 


.1 


+ 3.3 


.1 


- 7.3 


.2 


-1-5.4 


•1 


- 4.8 


.2 


-f- 6.4 



Total C0« 
in out- 



Total 
CO., in 



CO, 
added in 
cham- 
ber. 



Equiva- 
lent 
carbon. 



Period I. 
Subperiodl — 

Subperiod2 

SubperiodS 

Subperiod4 ... 

Period II. 
Subperiodl — 
Subperiod2.... 
Subperiod3 — 
Subperiod4 — 

Period III. 
Subperiodl — 

Subperiod2 

SubperiodS 

Subperiod4 

Period IV. 

Subperiodl 

Subperiod2.... 

SubperiodS 

Subperiod4 



Gi-ams. 
2,454.3 
2, 432. 8 
2,492.3 



2,113.3 
2, 121. 8 
2, 126. 4 
2,075.5 



2, 260. 8 
2,271.7 

2,275.1 



3, 321. 6 
3, 380. 4 
3,289.0 
3,340.1 



Gi-ams. 
2,450.7 
2, 442. 1 
2,478.1 
2, 399. 9 



2,112.0 
2, 122. 6 
2, 124. 2 
2, 083. 



2. 262. 4 
2,274.1 
2,397.3 

2. 278. 5 



3,314.4 
3,386.0 
3,284.3 
3,346.6 



Grams. 
284.1 
269.2 
265.4 
251.0 



279.7 
258.4 
267.1 
274.0 



278.9 
273.8 



269.1 
260.3 

272.7 
253.2 



Grams. 

2. 166. 6 
2, 172. 9 

2. 212. 7 
2,148.9 



1,832.3 
1,864.2 
1,857.1 
1,809.0 



1,979.5 

2,118.4 
2, 004. 7 



3,045.3 
3, 125. 7 
3,011.6 
3,093.4 



592.6 
603.4 
586.0 



499.7 
508.4 
506.4 



539.8 
543.5 

577.7 
546.7 



830.5 
852.4 
821.3 
843.6 



a For number of pump strokes. 

bFor a slight leakage from the pans, amounting to about 0.3 per cent of the total volume. 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 
Taule IX.— Water. 



57 



Water in sam- 
ples (cor- 
rected), a 


Pan 
No. 1. 


Pan 
No. 2. 


Oins. 


Gins. 


7.6365 


7. 6004 


6. 1590 


6. 1232 


5. 7351 


5. 6921 


6. 3240 


5. 2879 


3. 6192 


Lost. 


2. 6218 


2. 6181 


2.8104 


2. 8134 


2. 2498 


2.2443 


5. 0911 


5. 0179 


4. 3981 


4. 4001 


4.2473 


4. 2568 


3.6406 


3. 6510 


6. 1930 


6. 1550 


4.6118 


4. 6369 


5.3601 


5. 3707 


5. 5070 


5. 5432 







1 


1 

P 


r 


II 


1^ 

° + 

a 
1"- 


i 

s 


Gms. 


6ms. 


' Gms. 


Got. 


Gms. 


Gms. 


Gms. 


Gms. 


1,528.21,868.0 


0.0 


0.1 


- 6.9 


-3.0 


3,386.4 


1,020.8 


1,232.0 2,138.0 


10.0 


.2 


+17.4 


-3.0 


3,394.6 


1,028.4 


1, 146. 1 


2,185.0 


- 10.0 


.1 


-25.9 


-3.0 


3,292.3 


1,095.7 


1,064.4 


1,906.0 


17.0 


.2 


+17.4 


-3.0 


3, 002. 


717.4 


705.9 


2,024.0 


.0 


.1 


+ 2.9 


-3.0 


2,729.9 


759.9 


525.6 


2, 610. 


.0 


.1 


+ 0.6 


-3.0 


3,133.2 


849.5 


564.1 


2,235.0 


.0 


.1 


-12.9 


-3.0 


2,783.3 


621.9 


450.8 


2,340.0 


.0 


.1 


+ 4.7 


-3.0 


2,792.6 


493.9 


1,013.9 


2, 435. 


34.0 


.2 


+ 7.6 


-3.0 


3,487.7 


1, 248. 1 


882.4 


2,563.0 


101.0 


.2 


+ 19.1 


-3.0 


3,662.7 


1,021.3 


852.9 


3, 290. 


288.0 


.2 


-15. 3 


-3.0 


4,412.8 


2,004.5 


731.3 


2,369.0 


-270. 8 


.2 


+14.0 


-3.0 


2,840.7 


394.1 


1,238.5 


3,092.0 


1,235.0 


.2 


+ 4.8 


-3.0 


5,567.5 


1,828.4 


927.6 


3, 168. 


237.0 


.2 


- 5.9 


-3.0 


4,323.9 


296.4 


1,076.3 


3,150.0 


- 17.0 


.2 


+ 2.0 


-3.0l4,208.6 


225.6 


1, 108. 3 


2,907.0 


321.6 


.2 


+ 0.8 


-3.0 


4,334.9 


183.3 



Period I. 
Subperiod 1 . . . 
Subperiod 2... 
Subperiod 3... 
Subperiod 4 . . . 

Period II. 
Subperiod 1... 
Subperiod 2 . . . 
Subperiod 3 . . . 
Subperiod 4 . . . 

Period III. 
Subperiod 1 . . . 
Subperiod 2 . . . 
Subperiod 3 . . . 
Subperiod 4 . . . 

Period IV. 
Subperiod 1 . . . 
Subperiod 2 . . . 
Subperiod 3 . . . 
Subperiod 4 . . . 



Gms. 
2, 365. 6 
2, 366. 2 



Gms. 
262.9 
262.9 



2,196.9, 244.0 
2,284.6 253.5 



970.0 
2,283.7 
2, 261. 4 
2, 298. 7 



2,239.6 
2,641.4 
2,408.3 
2,446.6 



4,027.5 
3, 982. 9 
4, 151. 6 



218.9 
263.8 
261.3 
255.4 



282.4 
267.6 
271.9 



415.6 
447.5 
442.6 
461.3 



a For number of pump strokes. 

b For slight leakage from pans, see previous table. 



58 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



Table X. — Carbon and hydrogen in combustible j 



Total 

COo 

weighed 

X200. 



Correc- 
tion for 
ingoing 
air. 



Carbon as 
hydro- 
carbon 
(cor- 
rected). a 



Total 

HoO 

weighed 

X200. 



Correc- 
tion for 
ingoing 
air. 



Hydro- 
gen as 
hydro- 
carbons 

(cor- 
rected)." 



Methane, 
CO„x 



Period I. 

Subperiodl 

Subperiod2 

SubperiodS 

Subperiod4 

Period II. 

Subperiodl 

Subperiod2 

SubperiodS 

Subperiod4 

Period III. 

Subperiodl 

Subperiod2 

SubperiodS 

Subperiod4 

Period IV. 

Subperiod 1 

Subperiod2 

Subperiod 3 

Subperiod 4 



Grams. 
146.58 
145. 96 
144. 68 
137.58 



106. 24 
102. 12 



143. 16 
111. 80 
149.08 
143. 84 



236. 82 
263.40 
249. 16 
260. 90 



Orams. 
-2.70 
-2.58 

-2. 67 



-2.64 
-2.60 
-2.60 
-2.57 



-2.55 
-2.63 
-2.60 



-2.54 
-2.51 
-2.62 
-2.56 



Orams. 
39.38 
39.25 
38.84 
36.90 



28.34 
27.22 
29.29 
29.50 



40.06 
38.66 



64.32 
71.36 
67.43 
70.70 



Grams. 
121.74 
119.88 
120. 78 
113.88 



87.04 
85.14 
87.12 



121.32 
118.10 
123. 42 
118. 82 



196. 56 
216. 64 
204.84 
215.30 



Grams. 
-9.53 
-9.13 
-9.51 
-9.44 



-9.18 
-9.20 



-9.16 
-9.02 
-9.29 
-9.17 



-9.27 
-9.06 



Grams. 
12.52 
12.36 
12.40 
11.64 



12.51 
12.16 
12.72 
12.23 



20.92 
23.16 
21.80 
23.00 



Grams. 
52.62 
52.44 
51.89 



37.86 
36.37 
39.13 
39.41 



51.40 
50.89 
53.52 
51.65 



'■ For slight leakage from pans, see previous table. 



ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 59 

Table XI. — Heat meaimremenls. 





> o 


Average temperature of water 
current. 




if 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat. 

Calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 




o 

c 


t>i) 


i 
s 


.2 2 


11 


S2 
a a 

5*0 


it 


Pekiod I. 
























Subperiod 1. 




°c. 


°C. 


°c. 


or. 


°a 


Liters. 




Cm. 


Cal. 




6 p. m. to 7.46 p. mii..'. 


34 


6. 2352 


8.3270 


2. 0918 


-f 0.004 


2. 0958 


349.82 


1. 0043 


2.25 


0.25 


736.05 


7.46 p.m. to 8.14 p. m.. 


34 


5.9443 


7. 6986 


1.7643 


.004 


1. 7583 


95.18 


1. 0045 


2.25 


.07 


168.03 


8.14 p. m. to 8.34 p.m.. 


33 


5. 8540 


7. 7400 


1. 8860 


.002 


1. 8880 


55.00 


1.0045 


1.25 


.02 


104. 29 


8.34 p. m. to 8.50 p. m.. 


32 


5.8350 


7. 9950 


2. 1600 


.002 


2. 1620 


42.00 


1.0045 


LOO 


.01 


91.21 


8.50 p. m. to 9.30 p. m.. 


31 


5. 8310 


8. 2940 


2. 4630 


.002 


2.4650 


86.00 


1. 0044 


.80 


.02 


212. 90 


9.30 p. m. to 10.14 p. m. 


30 


5. 8491 


8.6164 


2. 7673 


.001 


2. 7683 


77.00 


1. 0044 


.75 


.02 


214.08 


10.14 p. m. to 10.30 p. m. 


29 


5. 9400 


9. 2600 


3.3200 


.001 


3.3210 


20.00 


1.0042 


.70 


.01 


66.69 


10.30 p. m. to 1.02 a.m. 


33 


5. 5195 


8.0984 


2. 5789 


.002 


2.5809 


433.00 


1.0047 


L25 


.17 


1, 122. 61 


1.02 a. m. to 2.03 a. m.. 


29 


5.4640 


9.3260 


3. 8620 


.001 


3.8630 


7L00 


1. 0043 


.70 


.02 


275. 43 


2.03 a. m. to 4.20 a.m.. 


33 


5.1429 


7. 6779 


2.5350 


.002 


2.5370 


383.00 


1.0048 


1.25 


.15 


976. 18 


4.20 a. m. to 4.42 a. m.. 


29 


5. 1566 


8. 9033 


3. 7467 


.001 


3. 7477 


26.00 


1.0044 


.70 


.01 


97.86 


4.42 a. m. to 6 a. m 


28 


5. 4163 


10. 0710 


4.6547 


.001 


4. 6557 


73.75 


1.0041 


.50 


.01 


344. 76 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















4,410.09 
1,400 29 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 






















5 11 
















































5, 805. 27 
























Subperiod 2. 
























6 a. m. to 6.30 a. m 


28 


5. 4980 


10. 3740 


4. 8760 


.001 


4. 8770 


28.25 


1. 0040 


.5 


.004 


138. 31 


6.30 a. m. to 9.08 a. m.. 


33 


5. 0255 


7. 5598 


2. 5343 


.002 


2.5363 


454. 75 


1. 0049 


1.25 


.180 


1,158.72 


9.08 a. m. to 11.22 a. m. 


28 


5. 8512 


11.1473 


5. 2961 


.001 


5. 2971 


114.00 


1. 0037 


.5 


.018 


606.08 


11.22 a. m. to 3.48 p. m. 


33 


5.2212 


7.7381 


2.5169 


.002 


2. 5189 


737.00 


1.0048 


1.25 


.290 


1,864.81 


3.48 p. m. to 5.34 p. m. . 


28 


5. 7746 


10.3573 


4.5827 


.001 


4. 5837 


100.00 


1. 0039 


.5 


.016 


460. 09 


5.34 p. m. to6p. m .... 


33 


5.3450 


8. 1850 


2. 8400 


.002 


2.8420 


72.50 


1.0046 


L25 


.029 


206. 97 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















4, 434. 98 
1, 394. 92 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel . 






















+48. 58 
















































5, 878. 48 


























Subperiod 3. 
























6 p. m. to 8.10 p. m 


33 


5. 1255 


7. 7624 


2. 6369 


.0024 


2. 6393 


370.00 


1.0048 


1.50 


.18 


981. 05 


8.10 p. m. to 10.06 p. m. 


29 


5. 2041 


9.0069 


3. 8028 


.0008 


3. 8036 


154.00 


1. 0045 


.40 


.02 


588.37 


10.06 p. m. to 4.28 a. m. 


33 


4. 6245 


6. 9997 


2, 3752 


. 0024 


2. 3776 


1,145.00 


1.0051 


1.50 


.54 


2,735.70 


4.28 a. m. to 4.56 a. m.. 


29 


4. 7686 


8. 5957 


3.8271 


.0008 


3. 8279 


34.00 


1.0047 


.40 




130. 76 


4.56 a. m. to6a. m .... 


28 


5. 2547 


10.5573 


5. 3026 


.0006 


5. 3032 


51.25 


1.0040 


.30 


.01 


272. 87 


Latent heat of water 






















4, 708. 75 
1,306.31 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 






















-4.24 
















































6, 010. 82 
































60 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 





o 

II 

"a! 


Average temperature of water 
current. 


1 




Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

Calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


.S 


1 
O 


5 


o g 

pi 


ii 


fS ft 

(So 


4^ 
> O) 


Period I— Cont'd. 
























Subperiod U. 




°C. 


°c. 


°c. 


°c. 


°c. 


LUers. 




Om. 


Cal. 




6 a. m. to 6.38 a. m 


28 


5. 3400 


10. 7710 


5.4310 


0.0006 


5.4316 


3L50 


1.0040 


0.30 




171. 78 


6.38 a. m. to 10.18 a. m. 


33 


4. 4636 


7. 2065 


2. 7429 


.0024 


2. 7453 


537.501.0051 


1.50 


0.26 


1,482.86 


10.18 a.m. to 12.50 p.m. 


28 


5. 3345 


11.0705 


6.7360 


.0006 


5. 7366 


113.001.0039 


.30 


.01 


650. 75 


12.50 p. m. to 3.10 p. m. 


33 


4. 4911 


7. 3131 


2.8220 


.0024 


2.8244 


352.001.0051 


1.50 


.18 


999.08 


3.10 p. m. to 5.10 p.m.. 


28 


5. 3383 


11.4453 


6. 1070 


.0006 


6. 1076 


87.001.0038 


.30 


.01 


533.37 


5.10 p. m. to 6p. m 


33 


4. 5508 


7. 6083 


3.0575 


.0024 


3.0599 


126. 25 


1.0050 


1.50 


.06 


388.18 


Latent heat of water 






















4,226.02 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 






















+ 47.78 
























Total heat 






















5,616.18 
























Period II. 
























Subperiod 1. 
























6.00 p. m. to 10.10 p. m. 


34.0 


6.0349 


8. 3444 


2. 3089 


.0032 


2. 3121 


629.50 


1.0044 


2.00 


.40 


1,461.47 


10.10p.m. to 11.18 p.m. 


28.0 


6.3859 


12. 7188 


6. 3829 


.0006 


6.3835 


33.50 


1.00325 


.30 




214. 54 


11.18 p.m. to 11.40 p.m. 


28.5 


5. 9533 


13.3300 


7. 3767 


.0007 


7. 3774 


12.00 


1.00325 


.35 




88.82 


11.40 p.m. to 12.20 a.m. 


29.0 


5.0010 


11. 4090 


6. 3080 


.0008 


6. 3088 


33.00 


1.0039 


.40 


.01 


208. 99 


12.20 a. m. to 4.13 a. m. 


32.0 


5. 0204 


9. 3650 


4. 3446 


.0024 


4. 3470 


392. 00 


1.0044 


1.00 


.12 


1,711.40 


4.13 a. m. to 4.34 a. m.. 


31.5 


4.2200 


7. 7180 


3. 6980 


.0013 


3. 6993 


33.00 


1.0051 


.88 


.01 


122. 69 


4.34 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 


30.0 


4. 4600 


9. 4152 


4. 9552 


.0010 


4. 9562 


94.75 


1.00455 


.50 


.02 


471.72 


Latent heat of water 






















4,279.63 
1,166.31 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 






















-1.41 


























Total heat 






















5, 444. 53 




= 




















Subperiod 2. 






















6.00 a.m. to 7.31 a. m.. 


30.0 


4. 4548 


9. 5017 


5. 0469 


.0010 5.0479 


100.00 


1.0046 


.50 


.02 


507.09 


7.31a. m. tol0.4Za. m. 29.0 


5.0240 


11.3106 


6. 2866 


.0008 


6. 2874 


140.00 


1.0040 


.40 


.02 


883. 75 


10.42 a. m. to 11.02 a.m. 


28.0 


6. 1640 


13.0360 


6.8720 


.0006 


6. 8726 


5.00 


1.0033 


.30 




34.48 


11.02a.m. to 11.14 a.m. 


30.0 


5.0933 


11. 4133 


6.3200 


.0010 


6. 3210 


12.00 


1.0039 


.50 




76.15 


11.14 a.m. to 12.14 p.m. 


28.0 


5.9053 


12.7833 


6.8780 


.0006 


6. 8786 


3L00 


1.0034 


.30 




213. 96 


12.14 p. m. to 12.26 p. m. 


29.0 


5.4000 


11.5200 


6.1200 


.0008 


6. 1208 


12.00 


1.0038 


.40 




73.73 


12.26 p.m. to 1.20 p. m. 


28.0 


6. 1800 


13. 1864 


7.0064 


.0006 


7.0070 


28.00 


1.0034 


.30 


.01 


196. 85 


1.20 p. m. to 1.32 p. m.. 


28.0 


5. 5100 


12.7267 


7. 2167 


.0006 


7. 2173 


6.00 


1.0035 


.30 




43.46 


1.32 p. m. to 2.52 p.m.. 


30.0 


4. 8245 


9. 6805 


4.8560 


.0010 


4.8570 


96.00 


1.0044 


.50 


.02 


468.30 


2.52 p. m. to 3.34 p.m.. 


29.0 


4. 7700 


9.1250 


4.3550 


.0008 


4.3558 


52.00 


1.0046 


.40 


.01 


227.53 


3.34 p.m. to 6.00 p. m.. 


28.0 


5. 4103 


11.5522 


6. 4197 


.0006 


6.4203 


112.25 


1. 0038 


.30 


.01 


723.41 


Latent heat of water 






















3, 448. 71 
1, 352. 04 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 






















+12 27 



























Total heat 






















4, 813. 02 































ENERGY VALUES OF RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 61 

Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 





"3 

i _ 

> o 
si 


Average temperature of water 
current. 




ic 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 














1 


ID'S 

i| 






Total 

heat, 

Calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


i 


tub 

P 

1 


5 


.2 £ 

pi 


o g 

5S 


83 ft 

So 




Period II— Cont'd. 
























Subpa-iod s: 




°c. 


°C. 


°c. 


°c. 


°c. 


Liters. 




Cm. 


Cal. 




6.00 p. m. to 7.36 p. m.. 


28.0 


5.3020 


12.2480 


6. 9460 


0.0006 


6.9466 


73.25 


1.0037 


0.30 


0.01 


510. 71 


7.36 p. m. to 9.00 p.m.. 


30.0 


4. 7448 


8. 6362 


3.8914 


.0010 


3.8924 


133.25 


1.0047 


.50 


.02 


521. 08 


9.00 p. m. to 9.47 p. m.. 


28.0 


5.2845 


10. 6518 


5. 3673 


.0006 


5.3679 


35.60 


1. 0040 


.30 




191.32 


9.47 p. m. to 11.58 p. m. 


27.5 


5. 6967 


12. 0906 


6. 3939 


.0005 


6. 3944 


76.75 


1. 0036 


.25 


.01 


492. 53 


11.58 p. m. to 1.54 a. m. 


29.5 


4.6900 


9.2679 


4. 5779 


.0009 


4. 5788 


162. 75 


1.0046 


.45 


.03 


748. 60 


1.54 a.m. to 3.50 a.m.. 


27:5 


5.6234 


12.2586 


6.6352 


.0005 


6. 6357 


72.60 


1.0036 


.25 


.01 


482.81 


3.50 a. m. to 4.48 a.m.. 


29.5 


4.2513 


9.8733 


5. 6220 


.0009 


5. 6229 


73.00 


1. 0045 


.45 


.01 


412. 31 


4.48 a.m. to 6.00 a.m.. 


27.5 


5. 1135 


11.6924 


6.4789 


.0005 


6. 4794 


42.25 


1. 0039 


.25 




274.82 


Latent heat of water 






















3,634.18 
























1 338 76 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 






















1 61 


























Total heat . 






















4,971.32 




= 




















Subperiod k. 






















6.00 a. m. to 8.48 a.m.. 


27.5 


5. 1153 


12.3023 


7. 1870 


.0005 


7.1875 


100.00 


1.0037 


.25 


.01 


721. 40 


8.48 a. m. to 9.06 a. m.. 


27.5 


5.1700 


13.3700 


8.2000 


.0005 


8.2005 


10.00 


1.0035 


.25 




82.29 


9.06 a.m. to 11.12 a.m.. 


29.0 


4. 4678 


10.3893 


5. 9216 


.0008 


5.9224 


134. 00 


1. 0043 


.40 


.02 


79K.99 


11.12 a.m. to 3. 16 p. m. 


27.5 


5. 7682 


11.9164 


6. 1482 


.0005 


6. 1487 


158. 57 


1.0036 


.25 


.01 


978.60 


3.16 p.m. to 3.20 p.m.. 


27.5 


6.3400 


13. 1200 


6.7800 


.0005 


6. 7805 


3.43 


1. 0032 


.25 




23.33 


3.20 p. m. to 6.00 p. m. . 


29.0 


6. 7623 


10. 8715 


5. 1092 


.0008 


5. 1100 


185. 625 


1. 0038 


.40 


.02 


962.13 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















3,654.64 
1,360.83 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
- vessel 






















+28 69 










































































Period IIL 
























Subperiod 1. 
























6.00 p. m. to 6.06 p.m.. 


42.0 


7.2900 


8.3500 


1.0600 


.0122 


1.0722 


32.00 


1.0040 


7.00 


.07 


34.38 


6.06 p. m. to 7.45 p.m.. 


40.0 


7. 2088 


8. 3396 


1. 1308 


.0098 


1. 1406 


501.00 


1. 0041 


5.60 


.89 


572.89 


7.45 p.m. to 8.04 p.m.. 


35.0 


7. 1880 


8. 6740 


1. 4860 


.0040 


L4900 


67.00 


1. 0040 


2.50 


.05 


100. 18 


8.04 p.m. to 8.17 p.m.. 


34.0 


7.2367 


8.8500 


1. 6133 


.0032 


1.6165 


41.00 


1. 0039 


2.00 


.03 


66.50 


8.17 p.m. to 8.33 p. m.. 


33.0 


7. 2950 


9.0900 


1. 7950 


.0028 


1. 7978 


41.00 


1. 0039 


1.60 


.02 


73.98 


8.33 p.m. to 11.15 p.m. 


3L0 


7. 5588 


9. 8495 


2.2907 


.0012 


2. 2919 


307. 00 


1.0036 


.75 


.17 


706. 98 


11.15 p.m. to 1.04 a.m. 


39.0 


8.0296 


9. 5564 


L5268 


.0086 


1.5354 


522.00 


1. 0035 


4.75 


.79 


803. 49 


1.04 a.m. to 2.12 a. m.. 


3L0 


7. 2876 


9.7776 


2.4900 


.0012 


2. 4912 


123. 00 


1.0037 


.75 


.07 


307. 48 


2.12 a. m. to 3.19 a.m.. 


30.0 


7. 4362 


10.2675 


2.8313 


.0010 


2.8323 


105.03 


1.0036 


.60 


.02 


298. 41 


3.19 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 


39.0 


6. 9560 


8. 3215 


L3655 


.0086 


1. 3741 


760.50 


1.0041 


4.75 


1.15 


1,048.14 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















4,011.43 
1,305.77 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 

vessel . . 






















+1.63 
















































5,318.83 




= 






















62 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 





"S 


Average temperature of water 
current. 






Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

Calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


1 


1 


5 






So 




Period III— Cont'd. 
























Subperiod 2. 




°C. 


°C. 


°c. 


°c. 


°C. 


Liters. 




Cm. 


Cal. 




6.00 a. m. to 7.30 a.m.. 


39.0 


6.7987 


8.0569 


1.2582 


0.0086 


1.2668 


423.00 


1. 0042 


4.75 


0.64 


537.47 


7.30 a. m. to 7.50 a.m.. 


38.0 


6.7900 


8.0160 


1. 2260 


.0074 


1. 2334 


89.17 


1.0042 


4..00 


.11 


110.33 


7.50 a.m. to 7.56 a.m.. 38.0 


6. 8100 


7. 8200 


1. 0100 


.0074 


1. 0174 


24.33 


1. 0043 


4.00 


.03 


24.83 


7.56 a. m. to 8.29 a. m.. 31.0 


7.0813 


9. 045b 


1.9637 


.0012 


1. 9649 


63.50 


1.0039 


.75 


.02 


125.24 


8.29 a. m. to 8.45 a. m.. 29.0 


7.4725!l0.8075 


3.3350 


.0008 


3. 3358 


18.00 


1.0034 


.40 




60.25 


8.45 a. m. to 11.47 a. m. 28.0 


8.111812.8844 


4. 7726 


.0006 


4. 7732 


121.00 


1.0028 


.30 


.01 


579.16 


11.47 a. m. to 12.44 p. m. 36. 


7.9040 9.7840 


1. 8800 


.0050 


1. 8850 


213.00 


1.0035 


3.00 


.20 


402. 71 


12.44 p. m. to 3.44 p. m. 


29.0 


8.291211.7806 


3. 4894 


.0008 


3. 4902 


225. 00 


1. 0030 


.40 


;03 


787. 62 


3.44 p. m. to 4.32 p. m.. 


36.0 


8.6617il0.4258 


1. 7641 


.0050 


1. 7691 


169.00 


1.0032 


3.00 


.16 


299. 77 


4.32 p. m. to 6.00 p. m. . 


38.0 


9. 5914 


8.1668 


1. 4246 


.0074 


1.4320 


389. 00 


1. 0035 


4.00 


.49 


5.58. 51 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















3, 485. 89 
1, 444. 79 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 






















+40. 85 
















































4, 971. 53 
























Subperiod 3. 
























6.00 p. m. to 6.52 p. m. . 


38 


7.8007 


9.2421 


1. 4414 


.0074 


1.4488 


230.50 


1. 0037 


4.00 


.29 


334.89 


6.52 p. m. to 7.34 p. m. . 


29 


8. 2110 


11. 6580 


3. 4470 


.0008 


3. 4478 


52.00 


1. 0030 


.40 


.01 


179. 81 


7.34 p.m. to 9.23 p.m.. 


38 


7. 6689 


9. 2863 


1. 6174 


.0074 


1.6248 


491.50 


1.0037 


4.00 


.62 


800.92 


9.23 p. m." to 9.31 p. m. . 


29 


7. 6350 


10. 0250 


2. 3900 


.0008 


2. 3908 


8.00 


1. 0035 


.40 




19. 19 


9.31 p. m. to 11.11 p. m. 


38 


7.3864 


8.9948 


1.6084 


.0074 


1.6158 


446. 00 


1. 0038 


4.00 


.57 


722. 82 


11.11 p. m. to 32.11 a. m. 


29 


7. 7366 


11. 1186 


3. 3820 


.0008 


3. 3828 


72.00 


1. 0033 


.40 


.01 


244.36 


12.11 a. m. to 2.33 a. m. 


28 


7. 2953 


8.8967 


1. 6014 


.0006 


1. 6020 


620. 00 


1.0039 


.30 


.06 


997.05 


2.33 a.m. to 3.18 a. m.. 


29 


7. 6055 


11. 0782 


3. 4727 


.0008 


3. 4735 


51. 50 


1.0033 


.40 


.01 


179.47 


3.18 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. 


38 


7. 1295 


8. 5090 


1.3795 


.0074 


1. 3869 


710. 00 


1.0041 


4.00 


.09 


988.65 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















4, 467. 16 
1,255.33 

-5.98 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 














































Total heat 






















5, 716. 51 










■■ 
















Subperiod K. 
























6.00 a. m. to 6.49 a. m.. 


38 


7. 0377 


8. 4338 


1. 3961 


.0074 


1. 4035 


200. 00 


1.0041 


4.00 


.25 


281. 60 


6.49 a. m. to 7.09 a. m. . 


35 


7.0520 


8.6540 


1. 6020 


.0040 


1. 6060 


71.00 


1.0040 


2.50 


.06 


114.42 


7.09 a. m. to 7.26 a. m.. 


33 


7. 0750 


8. 9475 


1. 8725 


.0024 


1. 8749 


43.00 


1. 0040 


1.50 


.02 


80.92 


7.26 a. m. to 8.40 a. m.. 


30 


7.3128 


10. 1811 


2.8683 


.0010 


2.8693 


117.00 


1. 0036 


.50 


.02 


336.90 


8.40 a. m. to 11.17 a. m. 


28 


8. 0618 


11. 9570 


3.8952 


.0006 


3. 8958 


141. 00 


1.0030 


.30 


.01 


550. 95 


n.l7a.m. to 11.26 a.m. 


30 


8. 1450 11. 1350 


2. 9900 


.0010 


2. 9910 


15.00 


1. 0032 


.50 




45.01 


11.26a. m. to 12.03 p.m. 


34 


8.045610.0767 


2.0311 


.0032 


2. 0343 


113. 00 


1.0034 


2.00 


.07 


230.59 


12.03 p. m. to 2.14 p. m. 


37 


7.9770 9.4718 


1. 4948 


.0062 


1. 5010 


520.00 


1. 0036 


3.50 


.58 


782. 75 


2.14 p. m. to 4.18 p. m.. 


28 


8.609412.9810 


4.3716 


.0006 


4. 3722 


106. 00 


1. 0026 


.30 


.01 


464.65 


4.18 p. m. to 5.18 p.m.. 


31 


8.858011.2100 


2.8520 


.0012 


2.3532 


113.00 


L0029 


.75 


.06 


266.62 


5.18 p. m. to 5.33 p. m.. 


37 


8.9600 


10.4350 


1.4750 


.0062 


1.4812 


6L00 


1.0032 


3.50 


.07 


90.57 



ENERGY VALUES OE RED CLOVER HAY AND MAIZE MEAL. 63 

Table XL — Heat measurements — Continued. 





"3 

|l 


Average temperature of water 
current. 




1 

-5 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorber.s. 


Total 

heat. 

Calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


o 


1 

3 

o 


i 

1 

s 


ii 


11 


(C ft 

5o 




Period III— Cont'd. 
























Subperiod i— Cont'd. 




°c. 


°c. 


°c. 


°C. 


°a 


Liters. 




Cm. 


Cal. 




5.33 p. m. to 5.47 p.m.. 


39 


8.9100 


10.2800 


1.3700 


0.0086 


L3786 


40.00' 1.0032 


4.75 


0.06 


55.26 


5.47 p. m. to 6.00 p.m.. 


41 


8. 8267 


10. 1467 


1.3200 


.0110 


1. 3310 


83.00 1.0032 


6.30 


.17 


110.66 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 




















3,410.90 
1 608 77 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 






















+34 21 
















































5, 053. 88 











______ 








-. 







Pekiod IV. 
























Subperiod 1. 
























6.00 p. m. to 3.26 a. m.. 


47 


5. 7973 


7.9033 


2. 1060 


.0196 


2. 1256 


2,365.50 


1. 0046 


10.25 


7.69 


5,043.55 


3.26 a. m. to 3.34 a. m.. 


47 


5. 1750 


7. 1050 


1. 9300 


.0196 


1. 9496 


34.00 


1. 0050 


10.25 


.11 


66.51 


3.34 a. m. to 3.42 a.m.. 


42 


5.3200 


7.2800 


1.9600 


.0122 


1. 9722 


29.00 


1. 0049 


7.00 


.07 


67.40 


3.42 a.m. to 3.49 a. m.. 


36 


5. 3900 


7. 7150 


2. 3250 


.0050 


2. 3300 


29.00 


1.0048 


3.00 




67.89 


3.49 a. m. to 6.00 a. m. . 


29 


6. 8769 


10. 6672 


3. 7903 


.0008 


3.7911 


157.00 


1. 0036 


.40 


.02 


697.33 


Latent heat of water 




















5, 832. 68 
1,482.46 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 






















-8.96 


























Total heat 






















7, 306. 18 


























Subperiod 2. 
























6.00 a. m. to 6.32 a.m.. 


29 


7. 4588 


11. 4025 


3. 9437 


.0008 


3.9445 


40.00 


1. 0032 


.40 




158. 28 


6.32 a. m. to 7.14 a. m.. 


35 


7. 0482 


9. 7182 


2. 6700 


.0040 2.6740 


123.00 


1.0038 


2.50 


.10 


330. 05 


7.14 a. m. to 9.57 a.m.. 


37 


7.3239 


9. 4312 


2. 1073 


.00621 2.1135 


537. 00 


1.0038 


3.50 


.64 


1,138.62 


9.57a. m. to 10.25 a.m.. 


39 


7.4843 


9.5214 


2.0371 


. 0086 2. 0457 


100.00 


1.0037 


4.75 


.15 


205. 18 


10.25 a.m. to 10.52 a.m.. 


41 


7. 5067 


9. 4250 


1. 9183 


.0110 1.9293 


100. 00 


1.0037 


6.30 


.21 


193. 43 


10.52 a. m. to 11.17 a.m.. 


44 


7. 6243 


9. 3471 


1. 8228 


.0146 


1.8374 


100.00 


1. 0038 


8.25 


.26 


184. 18 


11.17 a.m. to 3.28 p.m.. 


47 


7.2663 


9. 0284 


1. 7621 


.0196 


1. 7817 


1,047.00 


1.0039 


10.25 


3.40 


1,869.32 


3.28 p. m. to 3.31 p. m.. 


39 


7.1150 


8.8000 


1.6850 


.0086 


1. 6936 


9.00 


1.0040 


4.75 


.01 


15.29 


3.31 p. m. to 6.00 p.m.. 


47 


7. 1511 


8. 8424 


1. 6913 


.0196 


1. 7109 


621.30 


1. 0039 


10.25 


2.02 


1,065.11 


Latent heat of water 
vapor . . 






















6, 159. 46 
2, 243. 98 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 






















+20. 70 
















































7, 424. 14 




























Subperiod 3. 












6.00 p. m. to 9.32 p. m. . 


47 


6. 5785 


8.4972 


1. 9187 


.0196 


1. 9383 


863. 00 


1. 0042 


10.25 


2.80 


1, 676. 98 


9.32 p. m to 10.58p.m.. 


29 


6. 7748 


10. 7471 


3.9723 


.0008 


3. 9731 


107. 00 


1. 0036 


.40 


.01 


426. 64 


10.58 p.m. to2.22a. m.. 


47 


6.6867 


8. 7053 


2.0186 


.0196 


2. 0382 


806. 00 


1.0041 


10.25 


2.62 


1, 646. 90 


2.22 a.m. to 6.00 a.m.. 


29 


7.4237 


n.i7n 


3. 7474 


.0008 


3. 7482 


258.25 


1.0033 


.40 


.03 


971. 14 
























4,721.66 



64 



. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 
Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 



M 



-i 





o 

u 
OS 

03 


Average temperature of water 
current. 




i 

> 


Heat pro- 
duced in 
absorbers. 


Total 

heat, 

Calories 

at 20°. 


Period. 


a 


si) 
1 


1 

5 


B 


11 
i| 


5o 


a 
a" 


Period IV— Cont'd. 

Subperiod 3— Cont'd. 

Latent heat of water 




°C. 


°C. 


°c. 


°C. 


°C. 


Liters. 




Cm. 


Cal. 


2, 367. 96 
4.55 


Correction for heat, 
water, excreta, and 














































Total heat 






















7,085.07 

























Subperiod 4. 
6.00a. m. to 6.04 a.m.. 
6.04 a.m. to 11.24 a.m.. 
11.24 a.m. to 2.24p.m.. 
2.24 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. 


29 
47 
29 

47 


i.mn 

6. 6855 
6.0264 
6. 6894 


11.6200 
8. 7685 

10.4762 
8.8813 


3. 7900 
2.0830 
4.4488 
2. 1919 


0.0008 
.0196 
.0008 
.0196 


3. 7908 
2. 1026 
4.4496 
2.2115 


6.00 

1,194.00 

200. 00 

754.50 


1.0031 
1. 0041 
1. 0039 
1. 0041 


0.40 

10.25 

.40 

10.25 


3.88 
.04 
2.45 


22.82 

2,516.92 

893.85 

1,672.97 


Latent heat of water 
vapor 






















5,106.06 
2, 267. 35 


Correction for feed, 
water, excreta, and 
vessel 






















+45. 66 















































7, 418. 97 



























lEFe -07 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

a :: 



- - 

=^ OREGON ^= 

RULE ^= 

— CO. — 


- 1 - 

=^ U.S.A. .= 


- 2 - 


- 3 - 


- 4 - 


- 5 - 



OREGON RULE CO. 



Ill lll lll lll 

1 U.S.A. 


I|M|M|I|I|I 

2 


l|l|l|M|M|l 
3 


WFWF 

4 



6 



7 



8 



9 



10 



11 



6 



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9 



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